| Klippel–Trénaunay–Weber Syndrome |
| Classification and external resources |
MRI |
| ICD-10 |
Q87.2
(EUROCAT Q87.21) |
| ICD-9 |
759.89 |
| OMIM |
149000 |
| DiseasesDB |
29324 |
| MedlinePlus |
000150 |
| eMedicine |
derm/213 |
| MeSH |
D007715 |
Klippel–Trénaunay–Weber syndrome, often simply Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome (KTS) and sometimes angioosteohypertrophy syndrome and hemangiectatic hypertrophy,[1] is a rare congenital medical condition in which blood vessels and/or lymph vessels fail to form properly. The three main features are nevus flammeus (port-wine stain), venous and lymphatic malformations, and soft-tissue hypertrophy of the affected limb.[1]
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Contents
- 1 Classification
- 2 Signs and symptoms
- 3 Genetics
- 4 Treatment
- 4.1 Surgical
- 4.2 Nonsurgical
- 5 History
- 6 Notable cases
- 7 References
- 8 External links
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Classification
There is disagreement as to how cases of KTS should be classified if there is an arteriovenous fistula present. Several authorities have suggested that the term Parkes Weber syndrome is applied in those cases.[2][3][4] ICD-10 currently uses the term "Klippel–Trénaunay–Weber syndrome".
Signs and symptoms
The birth defect is diagnosed by the presence of a combination of these symptoms (often on approximately ¼ of the body, though some cases may present more or less affected tissue):
- One or more distinctive port-wine stains with sharp borders
- Varicose veins
- Hypertrophy of bony and soft tissues, that may lead to local gigantism or shrinking.
- An improperly developed lymph system
In some cases, port-wine stains (capillary port wine type) may be absent. Such cases are very rare and may be classified as "atypical Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome".
KTS can either affect blood vessels, lymph vessels, or both. The condition most commonly presents with a mixture of the two. Those with venous involvement experience increased pain and complications.
Those with large AVMs are at risk of formation of blood clots in the vascular lesion, which may migrate to the lungs (pulmonary embolism). If there is large-volume blood flow through the lesion, "high-output heart failure" may develop due to the inability of the heart to generate sufficient cardiac output.[4]
Genetics
The birth defect affects men and women equally, and is not limited to any racial group. It is not certain if it is genetic in nature, although testing is ongoing.[5] There is some evidence that it may be associated with a translocation at t(8;14)(q22.3;q13).[6] Some researchers have suggested VG5Q has an association.[7]
Treatment
KTS is a complex syndrome, and no single treatment is applicable for everyone. Treatment is decided on a case-by-case basis with the individual's doctors.
At present, many of the symptoms may be treated, but there is no cure for Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome.[8]
Surgical
Debulking has been the most widely used treatment for the syndrome, and has been used for decades. Progress has been made in this method over the course of the past couple decades, but it is still an invasive procedure, and has many complications. As other choices now exist for KTS patients, this method is generally reserved as a last resort.
Mayo Clinic has reported the largest experience in managing KTS with major surgery. In 39 years at Mayo clinic the surgery team evaluated 252 consecutive cases of KTS, of which only 145 (57.5%) could be treated by primary surgery.[9] The immediate success rate for treating varicose veins was only 40%, excision of vascular malformation was possible in 60%, debulking operations in 65%, and correction of bone deformity and limb length correction (epiphysiodesis) had 90% success. All the procedures demonstrated high recurrence rate in the follow-up. Mayo clinic studies demonstrate that primary surgical management of KTS has limitations and non-surgical approaches need to be developed in order to offer a better quality of life for these patients. Major surgery including amputation and debulking surgery does not seem to offer any benefit on a long-term basis.
Nonsurgical
Sclerotherapy is a treatment for specific veins and vascular malformations in the affected area. It involves the injection of a chemical into the abnormal veins to cause thickening and obstruction of the targeted vessels. Such treatment may allow normal blood flow to resume. It is a non-surgical medical procedure and is not nearly as invasive as debulking. Ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy is the state of the art new treatment which could potentially close many large vascular malformations.[10][11] Debulking operations can result in major deformities and have a high potential for recurrence and nerve injuries.
Compression therapies are finding more use as of the last ten years. The greatest issue with KTS syndrome is that the blood flow and/or lymph flow may be impeded, and will pool in the affected area. This can cause pain, swelling, inflammations, and in some cases, even ulceration and infection. Among older children and adults, compression garments can be used to alleviate almost all of these, and when combined with elevation of the affected area and proper management, can result in a comfortable lifestyle for the patient without any surgery. Compression garments are also used lately after a debulking procedure to maintain the results of the procedure. For early treatment of infants and toddlers with KTS, custom compression garments are impractical because of the rate of growth. When children may benefit from compression therapies, wraps and lymphatic massage may be used. While compression garments or therapy are not appropriate for everyone, they are relatively cheap (compared to surgery), and have few side-effects. Possible side-effects include a slight risk that the fluids may simply be displaced to an undesirable location (e.g., the groin), or that the compression therapy itself further impedes circulation to the affected extremities.
History
The condition was first described by French physicians Maurice Klippel and Paul Trénaunay in 1900; they referred to it as naevus vasculosus osteohypertrophicus.[12][13] The German-British physician Frederick Parkes Weber described cases in 1907 and 1918 that were similar but not identical to those described by Klippel and Trénaunay.[14][15]
Notable cases
- Casey Martin, professional golfer
- Billy Corgan, lead singer for The Smashing Pumpkins
References
- ^ a b James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. Page 585. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
- ^ Lindenauer SM (1965). "The Klippel–Trenaunay–Weber syndrome: varicosity, hypertrophy and hemangioma with no arteriovenous fistula". Ann. Surg. 162 (2): 303–14. doi:10.1097/00000658-196508000-00023. PMC 1476812. PMID 14327016. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1476812/.
- ^ Cohen MM (2000). "Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome". Am. J. Med. Genet. 93 (3): 171–5. doi:10.1002/1096-8628(20000731)93:3<171::AID-AJMG1>3.0.CO;2-K. PMID 10925375.
- ^ a b Mendiratta, V; Koranne RV, Sardana K et al. (Mar–Apr 2004). "Klippel trenaunay Parkes-Weber syndrome". Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology 70 (2): 119–122. PMID 17642585. http://www.ijdvl.com/article.asp?issn=0378-6323;year=2004;volume=70;issue=2;spage=119;epage=122;aulast=Mendiratta.
- ^ http://www.k-t.org/pdf/Dr-Wand-Driscoll-Article-2-04.pdf
- ^ Wang Q, Timur AA, Szafranski P, et al. (2001). "Identification and molecular characterization of de novo translocation t(8;14)(q22.3;q13) associated with a vascular and tissue overgrowth syndrome". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 95 (3–4): 183–8. doi:10.1159/000059343. PMC 1579861. PMID 12063397. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1579861/.
- ^ Barker KT, Foulkes WD, Schwartz CE, et al. (2006). "Is the E133K allele of VG5Q associated with Klippel–Trenaunay and other overgrowth syndromes?". Journal of Medical Genetics 43 (7): 613–4. doi:10.1136/jmg.2006.040790. PMC 2564558. PMID 16443853. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2564558/.
- ^ Rosemary Black (2009-05-19). "What is Klippel–Trenaunay Syndrome? Brooklyn writer Carla Sosenko shares facts about condition". New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/lifestyle/health/2009/05/19/2009-05-19_what_is_klippeltrenaunay_syndrome_brooklyn_writer_.html.
- ^ Jacob AG, Driscoll DJ, Shaughnessy WJ, Stanson AW, Clay RP, Gloviczki P (1998). "Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome: spectrum and management". Mayo Clinical Proceedings 73 (1): 28–36. doi:10.4065/73.1.28. PMID 9443675.
- ^ Cabrera J, Cabrera J, Garcia-Olmedo MA, Redondo P (2003). "Treatment of venous malformations with sclerosant in microfoam form". Archives of dermatology 139 (11): 1409–16. doi:10.1001/archderm.139.11.1409. PMID 14623700.
- ^ Treatment of KTS with foam sclerotherapy. Venous Research Foundation
- ^ synd/1812 at Who Named It?
- ^ Klippel M, Trénaunay P (1900). "Du naevus variqueux ostéohypertrophique". Archives générales de médecine: 641–672.
- ^ Weber FP (1907). "Angioma-formation in connection with hypertrophy of limbs and hemi-hypertrophy". British Journal of Dermatology 19: 231–235.
- ^ Weber FP (1918). "Hemangiectatic hypertrophy of limbs – congenital phlebarteriectasis and so-called congenital varicose veins". British Journal of Children's Diseases 25: 13.
External links
- Information from The Klippel–Trenaunay Syndrome Support Group
- KTS gene discovery implications
- New imaging techniques avoid unnecessary diagnostic tests for Klippel–Trénaunay vascular malformation from Basque Research
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Congenital abnormality · multiple abnormalities (Q87, 759.7)
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| Craniofacial |
Acrocephalosyndactylia (Apert syndrome/Pfeiffer syndrome, Saethre–Chotzen syndrome, Carpenter syndrome, Sakati–Nyhan–Tisdale syndrome)
other: Möbius syndrome · Goldenhar syndrome · Cyclopia
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| Short stature |
1q21.1 deletion syndrome · Aarskog–Scott syndrome · Cockayne syndrome · Cornelia de Lange Syndrome · Dubowitz syndrome · Noonan syndrome · Robinow syndrome · Silver–Russell syndrome · Seckel syndrome · Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome · Turner syndrome
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| Limbs |
Adducted thumb syndrome · Holt–Oram syndrome · Klippel–Trénaunay–Weber syndrome · Nail–patella syndrome · Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome
Gastrulation/mesoderm: Caudal regression syndrome · ectromelia (Sirenomelia) · VACTERL association
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| Overgrowth |
Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome · Sotos syndrome · Weaver syndrome · Perlman syndrome
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| Laurence–Moon–Bardet–Biedl |
Bardet–Biedl syndrome · Laurence–Moon syndrome
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Combined/other,
known locus |
3 (Zimmerman–Laband syndrome) · 4/13 (Fraser syndrome) · 8 (Branchio-oto-renal syndrome) · 12 (Keutel syndrome, Timothy syndrome) · 15 (Marfan syndrome) · 19 (Donohue syndrome)
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