WordNet

cowardly or treacherous; "the little yellow stain of treason"-M.W.Straight; "too yellow to stand and fight"
turn yellow; "The pages of the book began to yellow"
yellow color or pigment; the chromatic color resembling the hue of sunflowers or ripe lemons (同)yellowness
changed to a yellowish color by age; "yellowed parchment" (同)yellowed
of the color intermediate between green and orange in the color spectrum; of something resembling the color of an egg yolk (同)yellowish, xanthous
utter or declare in a very loud voice; "You dont have to yell--I can hear you just fine" (同)scream
a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells; is highly reactive and occurs in several allotropic forms (同)P, atomic number 15
a synthetic substance that is fluorescent or phosphorescent; used to coat the screens of cathode ray tubes

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『黄色の』 / 皮膚の黄色い / 《俗》おく病な(cowardly) / (新聞が)センセーショナルな,扇情的な / 〈U〉『黄色』 / 〈C〉黄色いもの;卵黄 / 〈U〉〈C〉黄色の絵の具(顔料,染料),黄色の服 / …‘を'黄色にする / 黄色になる
(…を求めて)『大声で叫ぶ』《+for+名》;(…に)大声をあげる《+at+名》 / (…に向かって)…‘を'叫んで(大声で)言う《+out+名(+名+out)+at(to)+名》 / 『叫び声』金切り声,わめき
リン(非金属元素;化学記号はP)
リン光物質

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/03/08 15:06:22」(JST)

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The four common allotropes of phosphorus.

Elemental phosphorus can exist in several allotropes; the most common of which are white and red solids. Solid violet and black allotropes are also known. Gaseous phosphorus exists as diphosphorus and atomic phosphorus.

White phosphorus and resulting allotropes

White phosphorus

This article is about the chemistry of white phosphorus. For military applications, see White phosphorus.

White phosphorus sample

White phosphorus, or yellow phosphorus, or simply tetraphosphorus (P₄) exists as molecules made up of four atoms in a tetrahedral structure. Gaseous and yellow arsenic and antimony and solid arsenic phosphide (AsP₃) each have a similar tetrahedral structure. The tetrahedral arrangement results in ring strain and instability. The molecule is described as consisting of six single P–P bonds. Two different crystalline forms are known. The α form, which is stable under standard conditions, has a body-centered cubic crystal structure. It transforms reversibly into the β form at 195.2 K. The β form is believed to have a hexagonal crystal structure.^[1]

White phosphorus is a translucent waxy solid that quickly becomes yellow when exposed to light. For this reason it is also called yellow phosphorus. It glows greenish in the dark (when exposed to oxygen), is highly flammable and pyrophoric (self-igniting) upon contact with air as well as toxic (causing severe liver damage on ingestion and phossy jaw from chronic ingestion or inhalation). The odour of combustion of this form has a characteristic garlic smell, and samples are commonly coated with white "(di)phosphorus pentoxide", which consists of P₄O₁₀ tetrahedra with oxygen inserted between the phosphorus atoms and at their vertices. White phosphorus is only slightly soluble in water and it can be stored under water. Indeed, white phosphorus is only safe from self-igniting when it is submerged in water. It is, however, soluble in benzene, oils, carbon disulfide, and disulfur dichloride.

Production and applications

The white allotrope can be produced using several different methods. In the industrial process, phosphate rock is heated in an electric or fuel-fired furnace in the presence of carbon and silica.^[2] Elemental phosphorus is then liberated as a vapour and can be collected under phosphoric acid. An idealized equation for this carbothermal reaction is shown for calcium phosphate (although phosphate rock contains substantial amounts of fluoroapatite):

2 Ca₂(PO₄)₂ + 8 C → P₄ + 8 CO₂ + 4 Ca

Tetraphosphorus molecule

White phosphorus has an appreciable vapour pressure at ordinary temperatures. The vapour density indicates that the vapour is composed of P₄ molecules up to about 800 °C. Above that temperature, dissociation into P₂ molecules occurs.

It ignites spontaneously in air at about 50 °C, and at much lower temperatures if finely divided. This combustion gives phosphorus (V) oxide:

P₄ + 5 O₂ → P₄O₁₀

Because of this property, white phosphorus is used as a weapon.

Non-existence of cubic-P₈

Although white phosphorus converts to the thermodynamically more stable red allotrope, the formation of the cubic P₈ molecule is not observed in the condensed phase. Derivatives of this hypothetical molecule have, however, been prepared from phosphaalkynes.^[3]

Red phosphorus

Red phosphorus structure

Red phosphorus may be formed by heating white phosphorus to 250 °C (482 °F) or by exposing white phosphorus to sunlight. Red phosphorus exists as an amorphous network. Upon further heating, the amorphous red phosphorus crystallizes. Red phosphorus does not ignite in air at temperatures below 240 °C, whereas white phosphorus ignites at about 30 °C.

Hittorf's violet phosphorus

Violet phosphorus (right) by a sample of red phosphorus (left)

Violet phosphorus structure

Hitorff phosphorus structure

Monoclinic phosphorus, or violet phosphorus, is also known as Hittorf's Metallic Phosphorus.^[4]^[5] In 1865, Hittorf heated red phosphorus in a sealed tube at 530 °C. The upper part of the tube was kept at 444 °C. Brilliant opaque monoclinic, or rhombohedral, crystals sublime. Violet phosphorus can also be prepared by dissolving white phosphorus in molten lead in a sealed tube at 500 °C for 18 hours. Upon slow cooling, Hittorf's allotrope crystallises out. The crystals can be revealed by dissolving the lead in dilute nitric acid followed by boiling in concentrated hydrochloric acid.^[6] In 1865 Johann Wilhelm Hittorf discovered that when phosphorus was recrystallized from molten lead, a red/purple form is obtained. This purple form is sometimes known as Hittorf's phosphorus. In addition, a fibrous form exists with similar phosphorus cages. Below is shown a chain of phosphorus atoms which exhibits both the purple and fibrous forms.

Reactions of violet phosphorus

It does not ignite in air until heated to 300 °C, and it is insoluble in all solvents. It is not attacked by alkali and only slowly reacts with halogens. It can be oxidised by nitric acid to phosphoric acid.

If it is heated in an atmosphere of inert gas, for example nitrogen or carbon dioxide, it sublimes and the vapour condenses as white phosphorus. If, however, it is heated in a vacuum and the vapour condensed rapidly, violet phosphorus is obtained. It would appear that violet phosphorus is a polymer of high relative molecular mass, which on heating breaks down into P₂ molecules. On cooling, these would normally dimerize to give P₄ molecules (i.e. white phosphorus) but, in vacuo, they link up again to form the polymeric violet allotrope.

Black phosphorus

Black phosphorus structure

Black phosphorus is the thermodynamically stable form of phosphorus at room temperature and pressure. It is obtained by heating white phosphorus under high pressures (12,000 atmospheres). In appearance, properties and structure it is very like graphite, being black and flaky, a conductor of electricity, and having puckered sheets of linked atoms.

Black phosphorus has an orthorhombic structure and is the least reactive allotrope: a result of its lattice of interlinked six-membered rings. Each atom is bonded to three other atoms.^[7]^[8] A recent synthesis of black phosphorus using metal salts as catalysts has been reported.^[9]

One of the forms of red/black phosphorus is a cubic solid.^[10]

Diphosphorus

Main article: Diphosphorus

Structure of diphosphorus

Diphosphorus molecule

The diphosphorus allotrope (P₂) can be obtained normally only under extreme conditions (for example, from P₄ at 1100 kelvin). Nevertheless, some advancements were obtained in generating the diatomic molecule in homogenous solution, under normal conditions with the use by some transition metal complexes (based on for example tungsten and niobium).^[11]

Diphosphorus is the gaseous form of phosphorus, and the thermodynamically stable form above 1200 °C and until 2000 °C. The dissociation of tetraphosphorus (P₄) begins at lower temperature: the percentage of P₂ at 800 °C is ≈ 1%. At temperatures above about 2000 °C, the diphosphorus molecule begins to dissociate into atomic phosphorus.

Phosphorus nanorods

Phosphorus nanorods were synthesized as P−
12 polymers in two modifications.^[12]

The red-brown phase differs from red phosphorus and is also stable in air for weeks. Electron microscope showed the red-brown form as having long, parallel nanorods with a diameter between 0.34 nm and 0.47 nm.

Properties of some allotropes of phosphorus^[13]^[14]
Form	white(α)	white(β)	violet	black
Symmetry	Body-centred cubic	Triclinic	Monoclinic	Orthorhombic
Pearson symbol		aP24	mP84	oS8
Space group	I43m	P1 No.2	P2/c No.13	Cmca No.64
Density (g/cm³)	1.828	1.88	2.36	2.69
Bandgap (eV)	2.1		1.5	0.34
Refractive index	1.8244		2.6	2.4

References

^ Marie-Thérèse Averbuch-Pouchot, A. Durif. Topics in Phosphate Chemistry. World Scientific, 1996. ISBN 981-02-2634-9. p. 3.
^ Threlfall, R.E., (1951). 100 years of Phosphorus Making: 1851–1951. Oldbury: Albright and Wilson Ltd
^ Streubel, Rainer (1995). "Phosphaalkyne Cyclooligomers: From Dimers to Hexamers—First Steps on the Way to Phosphorus–Carbon Cage Compounds". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 34 (4): 436. doi:10.1002/anie.199504361.
^ Lateral Science – Phosphorus Topics
^ Monoclinic phosphorus formed from vapor in the presence of an alkali metal U.S. Patent 4,620,968
^ Hittorf, W. (1865). "Zur Kenntniss des Phosphors". Annalen der Physik 202 (10): 193–228. Bibcode 1865AnP...202..193H. doi:10.1002/andp.18652021002.
^ Brown, A.; Rundqvist, S. (1965). "Refinement of the crystal structure of black phosphorus". Acta Crystallographica 19 (4): 684. doi:10.1107/S0365110X65004140.
^ Cartz, L.; Srinivasa, S. R.; Riedner, R. J.; Jorgensen, J. D.; Worlton, T. G. (1979). "Effect of pressure on bonding in black phosphorus". The Journal of Chemical Physics 71 (4): 1718. Bibcode 1979JChPh..71.1718C. doi:10.1063/1.438523.
^ Lange, Stefan; Schmidt, Peer; Nilges, Tom (2007). "Au3SnP7@Black Phosphorus: An Easy Access to Black Phosphorus". Inorganic Chemistry 46 (10): 4028–35. doi:10.1021/ic062192q. PMID 17439206.
^ Ahuja, Rajeev (2003). "Calculated high pressure crystal structure transformations for phosphorus". Physica status solidi (b) 235 (2): 282. Bibcode 2003PSSBR.235..282A. doi:10.1002/pssb.200301569.
^ Piro, Na; Figueroa, Js; Mckellar, Jt; Cummins, Cc (2006). "Triple-bond reactivity of diphosphorus molecules". Science 313 (5791): 1276–9. Bibcode 2006Sci...313.1276P. doi:10.1126/science.1129630. PMID 16946068.
^ Pfitzner, A; Bräu, Mf; Zweck, J; Brunklaus, G; Eckert, H (Aug 2004). "Phosphorus nanorods – two allotropic modifications of a long-known element". Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 43 (32): 4228–31. doi:10.1002/anie.200460244. PMID 15307095.
^ A. Holleman, N. Wiberg (1985). "XV 2.1.3". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (33 ed.). de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-012641-9.
^ Berger, L. I. (1996). Semiconductor materials. CRC Press. p. 84. ISBN 0-8493-8912-7. http://books.google.com/?id=Ty5Ymlg_Mh0C&pg=PA84.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 心血管疾患の危険因子の概要 overview of the possible risk factors for cardiovascular disease
2. 慢性腎疾患における高リン血症の治療 treatment of hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease
3. 低リン血症の診断および治療 diagnosis and treatment of hypophosphatemia
4. 高リン血症の原因および治療 causes and treatment of hyperphosphatemia
5. 低リン血症の原因 causes of hypophosphatemia

English Journal

Purification effects of two eco-ditch systems on Chinese soft-shelled turtle greenhouse culture wastewater pollution.

Wu X1, Wu H, Ye J.Author information 1Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, Huzhou University, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China.AbstractThe present study used an eco-ditch system that employed Eichhornia crassipes, Bacillus subtilis, and Bellamya aeruginosa (E-B-B) during the summer and fall (high temperature) seasons and a second eco-ditch system that employed Elodea nuttallii, a compound microbial preparation called "EM bacteria", and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (E-E-H) during the winter and spring (low temperature) seasons successively to purify the discharged wastewater produced by Chinese soft-shelled turtle greenhouse cultivation. The wastewater was sampled, and the dynamic changes in the major nutrient pollutant indicators over several months were analysed. After the E-B-B and E-E-H eco-ditch purification systems were operated for nearly 140 days each, the following results were observed: the total nitrogen (TN) removal rates in the wastewater were 75 % and 69 %, respectively; the total phosphorus (TP) removal rates were 82 % and 86 %, respectively; the NH4 (+)-N removal rates were 91 % and 75 %, respectively; the chemical oxygen demand (CODcr) decreased 54 % and 44 %, respectively; the dissolved oxygen (DO) contents increased nearly 3 to 4 times; and the wastewater was maintained at neutral or alkaline pH values. The wastewater physical traits gradually changed from being yellow, brown, and muddy to being pale yellow, slightly turbid, and odourless. Both eco-ditch systems were observed to have a relatively favourable effect on the purification of Chinese soft-shelled turtle aquaculture wastewater. The continuous use of both eco-ditch systems could result in a year-round purification effect on Chinese soft-shelled turtle greenhouse aquaculture wastewater; therefore, this method has good prospects for promotion and application.
Environmental science and pollution research international.Environ Sci Pollut Res Int.2014 Apr;21(8):5610-8. doi: 10.1007/s11356-013-2473-4. Epub 2014 Jan 14.
The present study used an eco-ditch system that employed Eichhornia crassipes, Bacillus subtilis, and Bellamya aeruginosa (E-B-B) during the summer and fall (high temperature) seasons and a second eco-ditch system that employed Elodea nuttallii, a compound microbial preparation called "EM bacteria",
PMID 24420561

Performance of the subsurface flow constructed wetlands for pretreatment of slightly polluted source water.

Yang X1, Zhang X, Wang J, Zhao G, Wang B.Author information 1Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Monitoring of Geographic Environment, College of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, People's Republic of China, yangxu2005gd@163.com.AbstractThe slightly polluted source water of Yellow River was pretreated in a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSFCW) and a lateral subsurface flow constructed wetland (LSFCW) in the Ji'nan city Reservoir, Shandong, China. During almost one years run, the results showed that at the hydraulic loading rate of 1 m/day, the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium nitrogen (NH4 +-N) and total phosphorus (TP) in the HSFCW were 48.9, 51.4, 48.7 and 48.9 %, respectively, and the corresponding removal efficiencies in the LSFCW were 50.51, 53.12, 50.44 and 50.83 %, respectively. The HSFCW and LSFCW had a similar high potential for nutrients removal and LSFCW was slightly better. According to the China standard for surface water resources (GB3838-2002), mean effluent COD can reach the Class I (≤15 mg/L), and NH4 +-N and TP and TN can reach nearly the Class I (≤0.015 mg/L), the Class III (≤0.05 mg/L) and the Class IV (≤1.5 mg/L), respectively. It can be concluded that the slightly polluted source water from Reservoir was pretreated well by the constructed wetland.
Ecotoxicology (London, England).Ecotoxicology.2014 Feb 5. [Epub ahead of print]
The slightly polluted source water of Yellow River was pretreated in a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSFCW) and a lateral subsurface flow constructed wetland (LSFCW) in the Ji'nan city Reservoir, Shandong, China. During almost one years run, the results showed that at the hydraulic
PMID 24497042

An approach to mixed P(n)A(sm) ligand complexes.

Schwarzmaier C1, Bodensteiner M, Timoshkin AY, Scheer M.Author information 1Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg (Germany).AbstractThe reaction of a P4 butterfly complex with yellow arsenic yields the largest mixed Pn Asm ligand complexes synthesized to date. [{CpFe(CO)2 }2 (μ,η(1:1) -P4 )] reacts with As4 to yield [{CpFe}2 (μ,η(4:4) -Pn As4-n )] and [CpFe(η(5) -Pn As5-n )]. Mass spectrometry together with NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography give clear evidence about the arrangement of the E positions within the cyclo-E5 and E4 moieties of the products. Moreover, the results of DFT calculations agree well with the experimental determined outcomes. By coordinating the E4 complex [{CpFe}2 (μ,η(4:4) -Pn As4-n )] with CuCl, a rearrangement of the E positions occurs in favor with a preferred phosphorus coordination towards copper atoms in the resulting 1D polymeric chain.
Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English).Angew Chem Int Ed Engl.2014 Jan 3;53(1):290-3. doi: 10.1002/anie.201308239. Epub 2013 Nov 13.
The reaction of a P4 butterfly complex with yellow arsenic yields the largest mixed Pn Asm ligand complexes synthesized to date. [{CpFe(CO)2 }2 (μ,η(1:1) -P4 )] reacts with As4 to yield [{CpFe}2 (μ,η(4:4) -Pn As4-n )] and [CpFe(η(5) -Pn As5-n )]. Mass spectrometry together with NMR spe
PMID 24227684

Japanese Journal

アジアにおけるリン資源の国際依存度解析

社会技術研究論文集 11(0), 119-126, 2014
NAID 130004951721

Laboratory Study for the Phytoremediation of Eutrophic Coastal Sediment Using Benthic Microalgae and Light Emitting Diode (LED)

Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 58(2), 417-425, 2013-09
NAID 120005326669

沖縄県の酸性土壌における炭酸カルシウムおよびリン酸の施用が数種暖地型イネ科牧草の生育に及ぼす影響

日本草地学会誌 58(4), 221-229, 2013-01-15
NAID 110009586185

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関連記事	「yellow」「phosphor」

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　　[★]

adj.

黄色の

関: xanthic、xantho

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[1] Marie-Thérèse Averbuch-Pouchot, A. Durif. Topics in Phosphate Chemistry. World Scientific, 1996. ISBN 981-02-2634-9. p. 3.

[threlfall-2] Threlfall, R.E., (1951). 100 years of Phosphorus Making: 1851–1951. Oldbury: Albright and Wilson Ltd

[3] Streubel, Rainer (1995). "Phosphaalkyne Cyclooligomers: From Dimers to Hexamers—First Steps on the Way to Phosphorus–Carbon Cage Compounds". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 34 (4): 436. doi:10.1002/anie.199504361.

[autogenerated1-4] Lateral Science – Phosphorus Topics

[5] Monoclinic phosphorus formed from vapor in the presence of an alkali metal U.S. Patent 4,620,968

[6] Hittorf, W. (1865). "Zur Kenntniss des Phosphors". Annalen der Physik 202 (10): 193–228. Bibcode 1865AnP...202..193H. doi:10.1002/andp.18652021002.

[Brown-7] Brown, A.; Rundqvist, S. (1965). "Refinement of the crystal structure of black phosphorus". Acta Crystallographica 19 (4): 684. doi:10.1107/S0365110X65004140.

[8] Cartz, L.; Srinivasa, S. R.; Riedner, R. J.; Jorgensen, J. D.; Worlton, T. G. (1979). "Effect of pressure on bonding in black phosphorus". The Journal of Chemical Physics 71 (4): 1718. Bibcode 1979JChPh..71.1718C. doi:10.1063/1.438523.

[9] Lange, Stefan; Schmidt, Peer; Nilges, Tom (2007). "Au3SnP7@Black Phosphorus: An Easy Access to Black Phosphorus". Inorganic Chemistry 46 (10): 4028–35. doi:10.1021/ic062192q. PMID 17439206.

[10] Ahuja, Rajeev (2003). "Calculated high pressure crystal structure transformations for phosphorus". Physica status solidi (b) 235 (2): 282. Bibcode 2003PSSBR.235..282A. doi:10.1002/pssb.200301569.

[11] Piro, Na; Figueroa, Js; Mckellar, Jt; Cummins, Cc (2006). "Triple-bond reactivity of diphosphorus molecules". Science 313 (5791): 1276–9. Bibcode 2006Sci...313.1276P. doi:10.1126/science.1129630. PMID 16946068.

[pfitzner2004-12] Pfitzner, A; Bräu, Mf; Zweck, J; Brunklaus, G; Eckert, H (Aug 2004). "Phosphorus nanorods – two allotropic modifications of a long-known element". Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 43 (32): 4228–31. doi:10.1002/anie.200460244. PMID 15307095.

[HW85-13] A. Holleman, N. Wiberg (1985). "XV 2.1.3". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (33 ed.). de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-012641-9.

[berger-14] Berger, L. I. (1996). Semiconductor materials. CRC Press. p. 84. ISBN 0-8493-8912-7. http://books.google.com/?id=Ty5Ymlg_Mh0C&pg=PA84.

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yellow phosphorus

WordNet

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Wikipedia preview

wiki en

Contents

White phosphorus

Production and applications

Non-existence of cubic-P₈

Red phosphorus

Hittorf's violet phosphorus

Reactions of violet phosphorus

Black phosphorus

Diphosphorus

Phosphorus nanorods

See also

References

UpToDate Contents

English Journal

Japanese Journal

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★リンクテーブル★

「yellow」

「phosphor」

匿名

検索

案内

yellow phosphorus

WordNet

PrepTutorEJDIC

Wikipedia preview

wiki en

Contents

White phosphorus

Production and applications

Non-existence of cubic-P8

Red phosphorus

Hittorf's violet phosphorus

Reactions of violet phosphorus

Black phosphorus

Diphosphorus

Phosphorus nanorods

See also

References

UpToDate Contents

English Journal

Japanese Journal

Related Links

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

「yellow」

「phosphor」

Non-existence of cubic-P₈