WordNet

surround with a wall in order to fortify (同)palisade, fence, fence in, surround
a difficult or awkward situation; "his back was to the wall"; "competition was pushing them to the wall"
a layer of material that encloses space; "the walls of the cylinder were perforated"; "the containers walls were blue"
a masonry fence (as around an estate or garden); "the wall followed the road"; "he ducked behind the garden wall and waited"
an architectural partition with a height and length greater than its thickness; used to divide or enclose an area or to support another structure; "the south wall had a small window"; "the walls were covered with pictures"
(anatomy) a layer (a lining or membrane) that encloses a structure; "stomach walls" (同)paries
a vertical (or almost vertical) smooth rock face (as of a cave or mountain)
anything that suggests a wall in structure or function or effect; "a wall of water"; "a wall of smoke"; "a wall of prejudice"; "negotiations ran into a brick wall"
small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
a commercial leavening agent containing yeast cells; used to raise the dough in making bread and for fermenting beer or whiskey (同)barm
any of various single-celled fungi that reproduce asexually by budding or division
not only so, but; "I therein do rejoice, yea, and will rejoice" (同)yeah
an affirmative; "The yeas have it"
hardened sugary exudation of various trees

PrepTutorEJDIC

{C}(石・れんがなどの)『壁』,へい / {U}(胃などの)内壁,内側 / {C}(…の)壁[のようなもの]《+of+名》 / …‘を'壁(へい)で囲む / …‘を'壁で仕切る / 〈窓・入り口など〉‘を'壁ぃふさぐ《+up+名,+名+up》
(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
イースト,酵母(パン種・ビール醸造用などに使う)
はい,さよう,しかり / 全く,実に,げに / 賛成,背定,賛成の返事,賛成投票[者]
マナ(聖書で,昔イスラエル人が放浪中に,天から与えられたという食物) / 思いがけずにはいるありがたいもの

UpToDate Contents

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1. カンジダ感染症の概要 overview of candida infections
2. 小児におけるカンジダ感染症：概要 candida infections in children an overview
3. 新生児におけるカンジダ感染症の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of candida infection in neonates
4. 造血細胞移植後の感染症の概要 overview of infections following hematopoietic cell transplantation
5. 新生児におけるカンジダ感染の治療 treatment of candida infection in neonates

English Journal

Heat treatment improves antigen-specific T cell activation after protein delivery by several but not all yeast genera.

Bazan SB1, Breinig T2, Schmitt MJ1, Breinig F3.Author information 1Molecular and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.2Junior Research Group for Virology/Immunology, Department of Virology, Saarland University Hospital, 66421 Homburg, Germany.3Molecular and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. Electronic address: fb@microbiol.uni-sb.de.AbstractA central prerequisite in using yeast as antigen carrier in vaccination is its efficient interaction with cellular components of the innate immune system, mainly mediated by cell surface structures. Here, we investigated the distribution of major yeast cell wall components such as mannan, β-glucan and chitin of four different and likewise biotechnologically relevant yeasts (Saccharomyces, Pichia, Kluyveromyces and Schizosaccharomyces) and analyzed the influence of heat-treatment on β-1,3-glucan exposure at the outer yeast cell surface as well as the amount of yeast induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by antigen presenting cells (APC) in human blood. We found that yeasts significantly differ in the distribution of their cell wall components and that heat-treatment affected both, cell wall composition and yeast-induced ROS production by human APCs. We further show that heat-treatment modulates the activation of antigen specific memory T cells after yeast-mediated protein delivery in different ways and thus provide additional support of using yeast as vehicle for the development of novel T cell vaccines.
Vaccine.Vaccine.2014 May 7;32(22):2591-8. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.043. Epub 2014 Mar 24.
A central prerequisite in using yeast as antigen carrier in vaccination is its efficient interaction with cellular components of the innate immune system, mainly mediated by cell surface structures. Here, we investigated the distribution of major yeast cell wall components such as mannan, β-glucan
PMID 24674665

Lipopolysaccharide-mediated enhancement of zymosan phagocytosis by RAW 264.7 macrophages is independent of opsonins, laminarin, mannan, and complement receptor 3.

Fuentes AL1, Millis L2, Vapenik J3, Sigola L4.Author information 1Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College, City University of New York, Long Island City, New York.2Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, New Westminster British Columbia, Canada.3Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Douglas College, New Westminster British Columbia, Canada.4Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, New Westminster British Columbia, Canada. Electronic address: sigolal@douglascollege.ca.AbstractBACKGROUND: Fungal and bacterial coinfections are common in surgical settings; however, little is known about the effects of polymicrobial interactions on the cellular mechanisms involved in innate immune recognition and phagocytosis.
The Journal of surgical research.J Surg Res.2014 Mar 17. pii: S0022-4804(14)00254-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.03.024. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Fungal and bacterial coinfections are common in surgical settings; however, little is known about the effects of polymicrobial interactions on the cellular mechanisms involved in innate immune recognition and phagocytosis.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Zymosan particles, cell wall derivatives of
PMID 24726062

Transcription factors that directly regulate the expression of CSLA9 encoding mannan synthase in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Kim WC1, Reca IB, Kim Y, Park S, Thomashow MF, Keegstra K, Han KH.Author information 1Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, 126 Natural Resources, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1222, USA.AbstractMannans are hemicellulosic polysaccharides that have a structural role and serve as storage reserves during plant growth and development. Previous studies led to the conclusion that mannan synthase enzymes in several plant species are encoded by members of the cellulose synthase-like A (CSLA) gene family. Arabidopsis has nine members of the CSLA gene family. Earlier work has shown that CSLA9 is responsible for the majority of glucomannan synthesis in both primary and secondary cell walls of Arabidopsis inflorescence stems. Little is known about how expression of the CLSA9 gene is regulated. Sequence analysis of the CSLA9 promoter region revealed the presence of multiple copies of a cis-regulatory motif (M46RE) recognized by transcription factor MYB46, leading to the hypothesis that MYB46 (At5g12870) is a direct regulator of the mannan synthase CLSA9. We obtained several lines of experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis. First, the expression of CSLA9 was substantially upregulated by MYB46 overexpression. Second, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to demonstrate the direct binding of MYB46 to the promoter of CSLA9 in vitro. This interaction was further confirmed in vivo by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Finally, over-expression of MYB46 resulted in a significant increase in mannan content. Considering the multifaceted nature of MYB46-mediated transcriptional regulation of secondary wall biosynthesis, we reasoned that additional transcription factors are involved in the CSLA9 regulation. This hypothesis was tested by carrying out yeast-one hybrid screening, which identified ANAC041 and bZIP1 as direct regulators of CSLA9. Transcriptional activation assays and EMSA were used to confirm the yeast-one hybrid results. Taken together, we report that transcription factors ANAC041, bZIP1 and MYB46 directly regulate the expression of CSLA9.
Plant molecular biology.Plant Mol Biol.2014 Mar;84(4-5):577-87. doi: 10.1007/s11103-013-0154-9. Epub 2013 Nov 17.
Mannans are hemicellulosic polysaccharides that have a structural role and serve as storage reserves during plant growth and development. Previous studies led to the conclusion that mannan synthase enzymes in several plant species are encoded by members of the cellulose synthase-like A (CSLA) gene f
PMID 24243147

Japanese Journal

病原性Candida酵母から調製した粗抽出物の¹H-NMR分析によって得られる細胞壁マンナンの構造情報について

長崎国際大学論叢 (14), 297-302, 2014
NAID 120005578735

Effects of Dietary Antibiotics, Actigen^【○!R】Yeast Cell Wall Derivative, or Both on Broiler Chicken Live Performance in a Fifty-Two Day Pen Trial on Built-up Litter