出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/10/18 13:17:14」(JST)
Vulnerability refers to the inability (of a system or a unit) to withstand the effects of a hostile environment. A window of vulnerability (WoV) is a time frame within which defensive measures are diminished, compromised or lacking.[citation needed]
In relation to hazards and disasters, vulnerability is a concept that links the relationship that people have with their environment to social forces and institutions and the cultural values that sustain and contest them. “The concept of vulnerability expresses the multi-dimensionality of disasters by focusing attention on the totality of relationships in a given social situation which constitute a condition that, in combination with environmental forces, produces a disaster”.[1]E.g. A more vulnerable site suffers the most damage when the possible potential hazard interacts into a disaster[ref Disaster Management].
It's also the extent to which changes could harm a system, or to which the community can be affected by the impact of a hazard or exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed, either physically or emotionally: "we were in a vulnerable position".
Within the body of literature related to vulnerability, major research streams include questions of methodology, such as: measuring and assessing vulnerability, including finding appropriate indicators for various aspects of vulnerability, up- and down scaling methods, and participatory methods.[2][clarification needed] Vulnerability research covers a complex, multidisciplinary field including development and poverty studies, public health, climate studies, security studies, engineering, geography, political ecology, and disaster risk management. This research is of importance and interest for organizations trying to reduce vulnerability[3] – especially as related to poverty and other Millennium Development Goals. Many institutions are conducting interdisciplinary research on vulnerability. A forum that brings many of the current researchers on vulnerability together is the Expert Working Group (EWG). Researchers are currently working to refine definitions of “vulnerability”, measurement and assessment methods, and effective communication of research to decision makers.[4][5]
In its sense, social vulnerability is one dimension of vulnerability to multiple stressors (agent responsible for stress) and shocks, including abuse, social exclusion and natural hazards. Social vulnerability refers to the inability of people, organizations, and societies to withstand adverse impacts from multiple stressors to which they are exposed. These impacts are due in part to characteristics inherent in social interactions, institutions, and systems of cultural values.[6][7]
A cognitive vulnerability, in cognitive psychology, is an erroneous belief, cognitive bias, or pattern of thought that is believed to predispose the individual to psychological problems.[8] It is in place before the symptoms of psychological disorders start to appear, such as high neuroticism,[9] and after the individual encounters a stressful experience, the cognitive vulnerability shapes a maladaptive response that may lead to a psychological disorder.[8] In psychopathology, cognitive vulnerability is constructed from schema models, hopelessness models, and attachment theory.[10] Attentional bias is one mechanism leading to faulty cognitive bias that leads to cognitive vulnerability. Allocating a danger level to a threat depends on the urgency or intensity of the threshold. Anxiety is not associated with selective orientation.[11]
In military terminology, vulnerability is a subset of survivability, the others being susceptibility and recoverability. Vulnerability is defined in various ways depending on the nation and service arm concerned, but in general it refers to the near-instantaneous effects of a weapon attack. In aviation it is defined as the inability of an aircraft to withstand the damage caused by the man-made hostile environment.[12] In some definitions, recoverability (damage control, firefighting, restoration of capability) is included in vulnerability. Some military services develop their own concept of vulnerability.[13]
Invulnerability is a common feature found in video games. It makes the player impervious to pain, damage or loss of health. It can be found in the form of "power-ups" or cheats; when activated via cheats, it is often referred to as "god mode". Generally, it does not protect the player from certain instant-death hazards, most notably "bottomless" pits from which, even if the player were to survive the fall, they would be unable to escape. As a rule, invulnerability granted by power-ups is temporary, and wears off after a set amount of time, while invulnerability cheats, once activated, remain in effect until deactivated, or the end of the level is reached. Depending on the game in question, invulnerability to damage may or may not protect the player from non-damage effects, such as being immobilized or sent flying.
In comic books, some superheroes are considered invulnerable, though this usually only applies up to a certain level. (e.g. Superman is invulnerable to physical attacks from normal people but not to the extremely powerful attacks of Doomsday or those at his level or higher).
This feature is also prominent in the manga, webcomic and anime series One-Punch Man, where the main protagonist Saitama is completely immune to all kinds of attacks, whether it be blunt attacks, environmental-based attacks (like heat or cold), slashing attacks or pressure-point based attacks, and unharmed by any kind of gravitational force or physical law, in fact, no attack has ever been able to move him from his place unless he deliberately let them, usually resulting in a counterattack resulting in total obliteration of the surrounding area or simply his enemies getting destroyed, thus, confirming that he has no known weaknesses whatsoever. He can even effortlessly hold his breath for indefinite periods of time in the vacuum of space without any harm to his body at all, so far as to return to Earth at sub-relativistic speeds (it should be noted that this is nowhere near his true speed, so he could be significantly higher by leaps and bounds, as his punches alone are required to travel at half the speed of light). Also, Saitama is invulnerable to the point where touching him alone can result in one getting critically injured or even killed with tremendous force, as seen when Speed o' Sound Sonic accidentally landed on his crotch on Saitama's fist (the latter did not intend to punch and did not proceed to punch either) and experienced excruciating pain.
In mythology talismans charms and amulets were created by magic users for the purpose of making the wearer immune to injury from both mystic and mundane weapons.[14]
| Look up vulnerability in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
| リンク元 | 「fragile」「脆弱性」「fragility」「vulnerable」「friability」 |