adj

固いがもろい、砕けやすい、割れやすい。壊れやすい

the patient described is exhibiting signs of osteopetrosis, characterized by abnormally brittle bones with increased density throughout the body.

傷つきやすい。安定性を欠く、もろい(友情、平和、性格など)。はかない、移ろいやすい
暖かみを欠く、ドライな
(音が)鋭い
(医)不安定型の(糖尿病)

関: brittleness、embrittle、embrittlement、fragile

WordNet

lacking warmth and generosity of spirit; "a brittle and calculating woman"
caramelized sugar cooled in thin sheets (同)toffee, toffy
having little elasticity; hence easily cracked or fractured or snapped; "brittle bones"; "glass is brittle"; "`brickle and `brickly are dialectal" (同)brickle, brickly
(of metal or glass) not annealed and consequently easily cracked or fractured (同)unannealed
an inherited disorder characterized by an increase in bone density; in severe forms the bone marrow cavity may be obliterated (同)Albers-Schonberg_disease, marble bones disease
vulnerably delicate; "she has the fragile beauty of youth"
firm but easily broken (同)crispness, crispiness
make brittle
fragrant rounded shrub of southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico having brittle stems and small crowded blue-green leaves and yellow flowers; produces a resin used in incense and varnish and in folk medicine (同)brittle bush, incienso, Encelia farinosa
delicate fern widely distributed in North America and European having thin pinnatifid fronds with brittle stems (同)brittle fern, fragile fern, Cystopteris fragilis
an animal resembling a starfish with fragile whiplike arms radiating from a small central disc (同)brittle-star, serpent star
tropical American fern with broad pinnae; widely cultivated (同)brittle maidenhair fern, Adiantum tenerum
brittle containing peanuts

PrepTutorEJDIC

(堅くて弾力がないために)壊れやすい,もろい
『壊れやすい』,もろい / (体質が)虚弱な(weak);《おどけて》調子が悪い / (幸福などが)はかない

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/02/10 20:17:36」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

"Brittle" redirects here. For other uses, see Brittle (disambiguation).

Brittle fracture in glass

Brittle fracture in cast iron tensile testpieces

Graph comparing stress-strain curves for brittle and ductile materials

A material is brittle if, when subjected to stress, it breaks without significant deformation (strain). Brittle materials absorb relatively little energy prior to fracture, even those of high strength. Breaking is often accompanied by a snapping sound. Brittle materials include most ceramics and glasses (which do not deform plastically) and some polymers, such as PMMA and polystyrene. Many steels become brittle at low temperatures (see ductile-brittle transition temperature), depending on their composition and processing.

When used in materials science, it is generally applied to materials that fail when there is little or no evidence of plastic deformation before failure. One proof is to match the broken halves, which should fit exactly since no plastic deformation has occurred.

When a material has reached the limit of its strength, it usually has the option of either deformation or fracture. A naturally malleable metal can be made stronger by impeding the mechanisms of plastic deformation (reducing grain size, precipitation hardening, work hardening, etc.), but if this is taken to an extreme, fracture becomes the more likely outcome, and the material can become brittle. Improving material toughness is therefore a balancing act.

Toughening

This principle generalizes to other classes of material. Naturally brittle materials, such as glass, are not difficult to toughen effectively. Most such techniques involve one of two mechanisms: to deflect or absorb the tip of a propagating crack, or to create carefully controlled residual stresses so that cracks from certain predictable sources will be forced closed. The first principle is used in laminated glass where two sheets of glass are separated by an interlayer of polyvinyl butyral, which as a viscoelastic polymer absorbs the growing crack. The second method is used in toughened glass and pre-stressed concrete. A demonstration of glass toughening is provided by Prince Rupert's Drop. Brittle polymers can be toughened by using metal particles to initiate crazes when a sample is stressed, a good example being high impact polystyrene or HIPS. The least brittle structural ceramics are silicon carbide (mainly by virtue of its high strength) and transformation-toughened zirconia.

A different philosophy is used in composite materials, where brittle glass fibres, for example, are embedded in a ductile matrix such as polyester resin. When strained, cracks are formed at the glass-matrix interface, but so many are formed that much energy is absorbed and the material is thereby toughened. The same principle is used in creating metal matrix composites.

Effect of pressure

Generally, the brittle strength of a material can be increased by pressure. This happens as an example in the brittle-ductile transition zone at an approximate depth of 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) in the Earth's crust, at which rock becomes less likely to fracture, and more likely to deform ductilely.

Crack growth

Supersonic fracture is crack motion faster than the speed of sound in a brittle material. This phenomenon was first discovered^{[citation needed]} by scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Metals Research in Stuttgart (Markus J. Buehler and Huajian Gao) and IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California (Farid F. Abraham).

References

Lewis, Peter Rhys; Reynolds, K; Gagg, C (2004). Forensic Materials Engineering: Case studies. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-1182-6.
Rösler, Joachim; Harders, Harald; Bäker, Martin (2007). Mechanical behaviour of engineering materials: metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-09252-7.

di:fucling condom

UpToDate Contents

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1. ブリットル型糖尿病成人患者 the adult patient with brittle diabetes mellitus
2. 虚偽性低血糖 factitious hypoglycemia
3. 透析前慢性腎臓病または末期腎不全を伴う2型糖尿病患者における高血糖のマネージメント management of hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes and pre dialysis chronic kidney disease or end stage renal disease
4. 低カルシウム血症の臨床症状 clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia
5. 成人における神経性食思不振症：合併症の評価およびこれらの合併症管理のための入院基準 anorexia nervosa in adults evaluation for medical complications and criteria for hospitalization to manage these complications

English Journal

Human blood outgrowth endothelial cells improve islet survival and function when co-transplanted in a mouse model of diabetes.

Coppens V, Heremans Y, Leuckx G, Suenens K, Jacobs-Tulleneers-Thevissen D, Verdonck K, Lahoutte T, Luttun A, Heimberg H, De Leu N.SourceDiabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
Diabetologia.Diabetologia.2013 Feb;56(2):382-90. doi: 10.1007/s00125-012-2754-3. Epub 2012 Oct 23.
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: As current islet-transplantation protocols suffer from significant graft loss and dysfunction, strategies to sustain the long-term benefits of this therapy are required. Rapid and adequate oxygen and nutrient delivery by blood vessels improves islet engraftment and function. The pre
PMID 23090187

Frying--effect of coating on crust microstructure, color, and texture of lean meat portions.

Barbut S.SourceFood Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1. sbarbut@uoguelph.ca
Meat science.Meat Sci.2013 Feb;93(2):269-74. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.09.006. Epub 2012 Sep 12.
Skinless, deboned chicken breast fillets were deep fat fried (190 °C) with and without a batter and breading coating system for up to 6 min (internal temp 70°C). Non-coated samples show surface muscle fiber splitting as soon as placed in oil. As time progressed, the depth of damage increased. Shea
PMID 23046895

Harnessing thermal expansion mismatch to form hollow nanoparticles.

Jen-La Plante I, Mokari T.SourceDepartment of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 84105, Israel.
Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany).Small.2013 Jan 14;9(1):56-60. doi: 10.1002/smll.201202471. Epub 2012 Nov 2.
Nano popcorn: a new formation mechanism for the synthesis of hollow metal oxide nanoparticles through a melt fracture mechanism. The hollow nanoparticles are formed via brittle fracture following the generation of tensile stresses arising due to liquid-phase thermal expansion of a low melting point
PMID 23125049

Hidden contributions of the enamel rods on the fracture resistance of human teeth.

Yahyazadehfar M, Bajaj D, Arola DD.SourceDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
Acta biomaterialia.Acta Biomater.2013 Jan;9(1):4806-14. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.09.020. Epub 2012 Sep 25.
The enamel of human teeth is generally regarded as a brittle material with low fracture toughness. Consequently, the contributions of this tissue in resisting tooth fracture and the importance of its complex microstructure have been largely overlooked. In this study an experimental evaluation of the
PMID 23022547

Japanese Journal

電車線金具におけるFRP脆性破壊現象の実験的再現と防止策 (特集電力技術)

鉄道総研報告 = RTRI report : 鉄道総合技術論文誌 29(12), 23-28, 2015-12
NAID 40020674192

特発性上腰ヘルニアの1例

泌尿器科紀要 = Acta urologica Japonica 61(11), 449-453, 2015-11-30
NAID 120005679850

P-42 脆性材料へのねじり試験(器械・技術,一般講演(ポスター発表),第66回日本歯科理工学会学術講演会)

日本歯科理工学会誌 34(5), 386, 2015-09-15
NAID 110009985350

楕円振動切削加工法による超硬合金の超精密微細加工 (特集超硬を切る!)

砥粒加工学会誌 59(8), 445-448, 2015-08
NAID 40020550405

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「fragile」「脆化」「脆性」「embrittlement」
拡張検索	「brittle bone disease」「brittle diabetes」「embrittle」「brittleness」