嘔吐する

関: emesis、emetic、vomiting

WordNet

eject the contents of the stomach through the mouth; "After drinking too much, the students vomited"; "He purged continuously"; "The patient regurgitated the food we gave him last night" (同)vomit up, purge, cast, sick, cat, be sick, disgorge, regorge, retch, puke, barf, spew, spue, chuck, upchuck, honk, regurgitate, throw up
the matter ejected in vomiting (同)vomitus, puke, barf
the reflex act of ejecting the contents of the stomach through the mouth (同)vomiting, emesis, regurgitation, disgorgement, puking
a medicine that induces nausea and vomiting (同)vomit, vomitive, nauseant

PrepTutorEJDIC

(胃から)吐く,もどす / 〈煙・灰などが〉吹き出る,吐き出される / 〈胃の中のもの〉‘を'吐き出す / (勢いよく)…‘を'噴出する,吹き出す / 〈U〉吐いた物,嘔吐物 / 〈C〉へどを吐くこと
催吐剤 / 吐き気を催させる,催吐性の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/04/13 12:43:04」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

この項目では、症候について説明しています。サルトルの小説については「嘔吐 (小説)」をご覧ください。

ラテン語で書かれた14世紀の健康指南書である健康全書の写本の一つより

嘔吐（おうと）とは、動物やヒトの口から胃の内容物を吐き出す行為、又は症状である。

概要

一般に過度の飲酒や摂食、腐敗・変質した食物の摂取、過度の運動、体調不良などの際にまず脳内の「嘔吐中枢」が刺激され、「吐き気」を催し、それに続いて嘔吐する(但し吐き気が来ないままいきなり嘔吐する場合もある、特に乳幼児や泥酔している場合)。嘔吐の結果、吐き出されたものを「吐瀉物（としゃぶつ）」と呼ぶ。また舌の奥に指を入れたりして吐き気を催すことを「嘔吐反射」という。咳・嚏(くしゃみ)・射精と同様、反射であることから、本人の意思では制御できない。

また、車や船舶、遊園地の遊具などで長時間もしくは激しく揺れる環境下にあった場合、「酔い」が発生して嘔吐に至る場合がある。この他、高温になる閉所、きつすぎる衣服(特に着物)、帽子、ヘルメット、日本髪の鬘(結婚式、舞踊発表会、等)、等の重量があったり蒸れたりする物を長時間着用の場合や、他者の嘔吐（いわゆる貰いゲロ）、吐瀉物、排泄物、等、を見たり聞いたり各種の悪臭を嗅いだり、恐怖映画、マインドクラッシャー等の不快な映像、音声を見たり聞いたりした場合にも、精神的なストレスから、吐き気・嘔吐を引き起こす場合が多い。

バス酔いなどする人は、予めエチケット袋（ビニール袋など）を持ったり、薬局などで売られている酔い止め薬を乗車前に飲むと良い。長距離バスや観光バスなどでは、エチケット袋が用意されている場合が多い。

嘔吐行為を強制的に停止させようとするとパニック状態に陥る場合がある。

早期の治療が必要な場合

前述した要因に当てはまらず、頭痛など他の部位の症状を伴う嘔吐の場合には、臓器や脳・神経系の損傷などと言った、別の病因による副次的な症状である可能性があり、場合によっては生命の危険にかかわる。このため早急な医師の診察が必要である。
一般的に嘔吐した場合、吐瀉物は胃酸を中心に胃の内容物であるが、胃炎や胃潰瘍などの病気により発生した場合には、それら以外に血液を含む場合がある。状態によって以下のような、それぞれ別の原因によるものである。

茶褐色である（胃酸と反応するため）

吐瀉物中にこのような茶褐色の血液の塊がある場合は、消化器の潰瘍が疑われるため、早めの消化器科への受診が勧められる。嘔吐によって初めて自覚されるが、普段はそのまま消化してしまっているため、自覚症状に乏しい。
鮮血を吐く（赤い・量が多いなど）

吐血と呼ばれ、重大な消化器の損傷が疑われるため、嘔吐とは違いより救急的な医療を必要とする。消化器科・内科外科を含む救急指定病院へ急ぐ事が勧められる。
咳き込んだ際にも血液が混じる

喀血と呼ばれ、嘔吐や吐血とは原因が異なり、呼吸器の損傷で咳や痰と共に血液が排出される。その一部が胃に入って、吐瀉物にも血が混じる事もある（茶褐色）。感染症（伝染病）も疑われるため、早期の呼吸器科への受診が勧められる。

吐き方・吐かせ方

嘔吐物が気管に入らないように頭を下に向けて吐かせる。吐くだけ吐いてすっきりさせる。気分が悪く吐きそうだが吐けないなどの場合は、指を舌の奥に入れるなどの嘔吐反射を用いる。特に臭気が不快感を催させるため、吐瀉物の処理はし尿など汚物全般に準じ、また嘔吐に際して着衣が汚れないよう注意を必要とする。吐いた後は十分に水分及び塩分補給をすべきであるが、その際に冷たいものを飲ませるとそれが胃に刺激を与え、さらに吐いてしまう場合がある。そのため、体温程度に温めたスポーツドリンクなどを与えるのが望ましい。

意識を失っている場合や、意識がはっきりしない場合などは、嘔吐の後に窒息する危険性があるため、喉の奥や鼻腔の中に吐瀉物が詰まっていないか注意する必要がある。緊急的には指で掻き出したり、後ろから抱きかかえて鳩尾(みぞおち)を斜め後ろ上方に押し込むなど、喉の奥にモノが詰まった時同様の処置をするが、乳幼児の場合などでは、逆さにして背を強く叩いたり、大人が口で幼児の鼻と口を覆って吸い出すことも行われる場合がある。

吐かせた、または吐いた後は、患者に回復体位を取らせるのが望ましいが、回復体位を取らせるのが難しい場合は、嘔吐物により窒息しないために体を横に向けて寝かせる。特に意識が朦朧としている場合や意識を失っている場合、嘔吐物が気管に入り、窒息の危険がより高まるために仰向けに寝かせてはならない。

また、飲み込んだ物を強制的に吐かせるために催吐薬を用いる場合もある。

治療方法

上記の(早期の治療が必要な場合)の場合、至急医師の診察を受け、原疾患の治療を受けるべきだが、特に異常が無く不定愁訴として嘔気・嘔吐が起きる場合、消化器機能改善剤であるメトクロプラミドやドンペリドン、ドパミン遮断効果・鎮静効能のある抗精神病薬のクロルプロマジン等の投与を対症療法として使用される場合がある。

小児科領域の嘔吐

成人では消化器の領域の感染症や潰瘍などによって起こる嘔吐が最も多いのだが、小児ではその他の疾患も鑑別に上がってくる。先天性腸閉鎖は腸回転異常でも起こるし、輪状膵でも起こりえる。治療には原因精査が必要である。これらの疾患ではその他の奇形の精査も重要となることがある。

発症時期	疾患	吐物	画像所見
出生直後	先天性食道閉鎖症	泡沫様	coil up sign
出生数時間～1週間	先天性腸閉鎖症	胆汁性	microcolon 多数のniveau
出生数時間～1週間	鎖肛		直腸体温計が入らない、倒立位撮影
出生数時間～1週間	ヒルシュスプルング病		megacolon caliber change narrow segment
出生2,3週	肥厚性幽門狭窄症	噴水状嘔吐	string sign umbrella sign showlder sign
数ヶ月～2歳	腸重積	胆汁性、黄色吐物	かにの爪、target sign

派生語

小間物（こまもの）: 吐瀉物のことを婉曲した語。吐瀉物は飲食したさまざまな種類の食物が混ざっていることから、小間物の扱う商品（日用品・化粧品はど）は種類が多く、いろいろな商品が混じっているため、それになぞらえた。また、小間物屋が商品を広げて見せながら、商売をしている姿に似ていることから、俗語として、飲食したものを吐き出す行為。反吐を吐くこと。また、吐瀉物そのものを指す。
「小間物屋（こまものや）を開く」: 慣用句として用いられる。「小間物屋を広げる」、小間物店（こまものみせ）を広げる」ともいう。飲食したものを吐き出すこと。反吐を吐くこと。

その他

ウサギは胃の噴門と幽門が接近しているため、嘔吐することができない。
カエルは胃袋ごと嘔吐する。その際、胃袋は裏返しになる。
ネコもよく嘔吐する動物でありその原因は毛玉だと思われているが、あまりに頻繁に続くようであれば獣医に診せた方が良い場合がある。
ジャコウネズミ（スンクス）は、ウサギ・ネズミと違い薬物や揺らすことで吐くため、嘔吐反射の研究に用いられる。^[1]^[2]

脚注

^ スンクス嘔吐実験モデルの確立とその応用
^ 実験動物スンクスの紹介

外部リンク

ウィキメディア・コモンズには、嘔吐に関連するメディアがあります。

Emetophobia FAQ
Cyclical Vomiting Syndrome

この項目は、医学に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（プロジェクト:医学／Portal:医学と医療）。

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Vomiting (known medically with the Greek term emesis and informally as throwing up and numerous other terms) is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose.^[1] Vomiting can be caused by a wide variety of conditions; it may present as a specific response to ailments like gastritis or poisoning, or as a non-specific sequela of disorders ranging from brain tumors and elevated intracranial pressure to overexposure to ionizing radiation. The feeling that one is about to vomit is called nausea, which often precedes, but does not always lead to, vomiting. Antiemetics are sometimes necessary to suppress nausea and vomiting. In severe cases, where dehydration develops, intravenous fluid may be required.

Vomiting is different from regurgitation, although the two terms are often used interchangeably. Regurgitation is the return of undigested food back up the esophagus to the mouth, without the force and displeasure associated with vomiting. The causes of vomiting and regurgitation are generally different.

1 Complications
- 1.1 Aspiration of vomit
- 1.2 Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
- 1.3 Mallory-Weiss tear
- 1.4 Dentistry
2 Pathophysiology
- 2.1 Phases
- 2.2 Contents
3 Differential diagnosis
- 3.1 Digestive tract
- 3.2 Sensory system and brain
- 3.3 Emetics
- 3.4 Social cues
- 3.5 Miscellanea
4 Other types
5 Treatment
6 Epidemiology
7 See also
8 References
9 External links

Complications

Aspiration of vomit

Vomiting can be dangerous if the gastric content enters the respiratory tract. Under normal circumstances the gag reflex and coughing prevent this from occurring, however these protective reflexes are compromised in persons under the influences of certain substances such as alcohol or anesthesia. The individual may choke and asphyxiate or suffer an aspiration pneumonia.

Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

Prolonged and excessive vomiting depletes the body of water (dehydration), and may alter the electrolyte status. Gastric vomiting leads to the loss of acid (protons) and chloride directly. Combined with the resulting alkaline tide, this leads to hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis (low chloride levels together with high HCO−
3 and CO
2 and increased blood pH) and often hypokalemia (potassium depletion). The hypokalemia is an indirect result of the kidney compensating for the loss of acid. With the loss of intake of food the individual may eventually become cachectic. A less frequent occurrence results from a vomiting of intestinal contents, including bile acids and HCO−
3, which can cause metabolic acidosis.

Mallory-Weiss tear

Repeated or profuse vomiting may cause erosions to the esophagus or small tears in the esophageal mucosa (Mallory-Weiss tear). This may become apparent if fresh red blood is mixed with vomit after several episodes.

Dentistry

Recurrent vomiting, such as observed in bulimia nervosa, may lead to destruction of the tooth enamel due to the acidity of the vomit. Digestive enzymes can also have a negative effect on oral health, by degrading the tissue of the gums.

Pathophysiology

14th-century illustration of vomiting from the Casanatense Tacuinum Sanitatis

Receptors on the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain represent a chemoreceptor trigger zone, known as the area postrema, stimulation of which can lead to vomiting. The area postrema is a circumventricular organ and as such lies outside the blood–brain barrier; it can therefore be stimulated by blood-borne drugs that can stimulate vomiting or inhibit it.

There are various sources of input to the vomiting center:

The chemoreceptor trigger zone at the base of the fourth ventricle has numerous dopamine D₂ receptors, serotonin 5-HT₃ receptors, opioid receptors, acetylcholine receptors, and receptors for substance P. Stimulation of different receptors are involved in different pathways leading to emesis, in the final common pathway substance P appears involved.^[2]
The vestibular system, which sends information to the brain via cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve), plays a major role in motion sickness, and is rich in muscarinic receptors and histamine H₁ receptors.
The cranial nerve X (vagus nerve) is activated when the pharynx is irritated, leading to a gag reflex.
The vagal and enteric nervous system inputs transmit information regarding the state of the gastrointestinal system. Irritation of the GI mucosa by chemotherapy, radiation, distention, or acute infectious gastroenteritis activates the 5-HT₃ receptors of these inputs.
The CNS mediates vomiting that arises from psychiatric disorders and stress from higher brain centers.^[3]

The vomiting act encompasses three types of outputs initiated by the chemoreceptor trigger zone: Motor, parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), and sympathetic nervous system (SNS). They are as follows:

Increased salivation to protect tooth enamel from stomach acids. (Excessive vomiting leads to dental erosion). This is part of the PNS output.
The body takes a deep breath to avoid aspirating vomit.
Retroperistalsis, starts from the middle of the small intestine and sweeps up digestive tract contents into the stomach, through the relaxed pyloric sphincter.
Intrathoracic pressure lowers (by inspiration against a closed glottis), coupled with an increase in abdominal pressure as the abdominal muscles contract, propels stomach contents into the esophagus as the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes. The stomach itself does not contract in the process of vomiting except for at the angular notch, nor is there any retroperistalsis in the esophagus.
Vomiting is ordinarily preceded by retching.
Vomiting also initiates an SNS response causing both sweating and increased heart rate.

The neurotransmitters that regulate vomiting are poorly understood, but inhibitors of dopamine, histamine, and serotonin are all used to suppress vomiting, suggesting that these play a role in the initiation or maintenance of a vomiting cycle. Vasopressin and neurokinin may also participate.

Phases

The vomiting act has two phases. In the retching phase, the abdominal muscles undergo a few rounds of coordinated contractions together with the diaphragm and the muscles used in respiratory inspiration. For this reason, an individual may confuse this phase with an episode of violent hiccups. In this retching phase nothing has yet been expelled. In the next phase, also termed the expulsive phase, intense pressure is formed in the stomach brought about by enormous shifts in both the diaphragm and the abdomen. These shifts are, in essence, vigorous contractions of these muscles that last for extended periods of time - much longer than a normal period of muscular contraction. The pressure is then suddenly released when the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes resulting in the expulsion of gastric contents. Individuals who do not regularly exercise their abdominal muscles may experience pain in those muscles for a few days. The relief of pressure and the release of endorphins into the bloodstream after the expulsion causes the vomiter to feel better.

The content of the vomitus (vomit) may be of medical interest. Fresh blood in the vomit is termed hematemesis ("blood vomiting"). Altered blood bears resemblance to coffee grounds (as the iron in the blood is oxidized) and, when this matter is identified, the term coffee-ground vomiting is used. Bile can enter the vomit during subsequent heaves due to duodenal contraction if the vomiting is severe. Fecal vomiting is often a consequence of intestinal obstruction or a gastrocolic fistula and is treated as a warning sign of this potentially serious problem (signum mali ominis).

If the vomiting reflex continues for an extended period with no appreciable vomitus, the condition is known as non-productive emesis or "dry heaves", which can be painful and debilitating.

Color of vomit

Bright red in the vomit suggests bleeding from the esophagus
Dark red vomit with liver-like clots suggests profuse bleeding in the stomach, such as from a perforated ulcer
Coffee-ground-like vomit suggests less severe bleeding in the stomach, because the gastric acid has had time to change the composition of the blood
Yellow vomit suggests bile, indicating that the pyloric valve is open and bile is flowing into the stomach from the duodenum (this is more common in older people)

Differential diagnosis

Vomiting may be due to a large number of causes, and protracted vomiting has a long differential diagnosis.

Digestive tract

Causes in the digestive tract

Gastritis (inflammation of the gastric wall)
Gastroenteritis
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Pyloric stenosis (in babies, this typically causes a very forceful "projectile vomiting" and is an indication for urgent surgery)
Bowel obstruction
Overeating
Acute abdomen and/or peritonitis
Ileus
Food allergies (often in conjunction with hives or swelling)
Cholecystitis, pancreatitis, appendicitis, hepatitis
Food poisoning
In children, it can be caused by an allergic reaction to cow's milk proteins (Milk allergy or lactose intolerance)

Sensory system and brain

Intoxication is one cause of vomiting.

Causes in the sensory system

Movement: motion sickness (which is caused by overstimulation of the labyrinthine canals of the ear)
Ménière's disease

Causes in the brain

Concussion
Cerebral hemorrhage
Migraine
Brain tumors, which can cause the chemoreceptors to malfunction
Benign intracranial hypertension and hydrocephalus

Metabolic disturbances (these may irritate both the stomach and the parts of the brain that coordinate vomiting)

Hypercalcemia (high calcium levels)
Uremia (urea accumulation, usually due to renal failure)
Adrenal insufficiency
Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia

Pregnancy

Hyperemesis, Morning sickness

Drug reaction (vomiting may occur as an acute somatic response to)

alcohol (being sick while being drunk or being sick the next morning, suffering from the after-effects, i.e., the hangover)
opioids
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
many chemotherapy drugs
some entheogens (such as peyote or ayahuasca)

Illness (sometimes colloquially known as "stomach flu" — a broad name that refers to gastric inflammation caused by a range of viruses and bacteria)

Norovirus (formerly Norwalk virus or Norwalk agent)
Swine influenza

Emetics

An emetic, such as syrup of ipecac, is a substance that induces vomiting when administered orally or by injection. An emetic is used medically when a substance has been ingested and must be expelled from the body immediately (for this reason, many toxic and easily digestible products such as rat poison contain an emetic). Inducing vomiting can remove the substance before it is absorbed into the body. Ipecac abuse can cause detrimental health effects.

Salt water and mustard water have been used since ancient times as emetics.^[4] Care must be taken with salt, as excessive intake can potentially be harmful.^[5]^[6]

Copper sulfate was also used in the past as an emetic.^[7]^[8] It is now considered too toxic for this use.^[9]

Hydrogen peroxide is used as an emetic in veterinary practice.^[10]^[11]

Social cues

A drunk man vomiting, while a young slave is holding his forehead. Brygos Painter, 500-470 BC

It is quite common that, when one person vomits, others nearby become nauseated, particularly when smelling the vomit of others, often to the point of vomiting themselves. It is believed that this is an evolved trait among primates. Many primates in the wild tend to browse for food in small groups. Should one member of the party react adversely to some ingested food, it may be advantageous (in a survival sense) for other members of the party to also vomit. This tendency in human populations has been observed at drinking parties, where excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages may cause a number of party members to vomit nearly simultaneously, this being triggered by the initial vomiting of a single member of the party. This phenomenon has been touched on in popular culture: Notorious instances appear in the films Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983) and Stand By Me (1986).^[12]

Intense vomiting in ayahuasca ceremonies is a common phenomenon. However, people who experience "la purga" after drinking ayahuasca, in general, regard the practice as both a physical and spiritual cleanse and often come to welcome it.^[13] It has been suggested that the consistent emetic effects of ayahuasca — in addition to its many other therapeutic properties — was of medicinal benefit to indigenous peoples of the Amazon, in helping to clear parasites from the gastrointestinal system.^[14]

There have also been documented cases of a single ill and vomiting individual inadvertently causing others to vomit, when they are especially fearful of also becoming ill, through a form of mass hysteria.

Special bags are often supplied on boats for sick passengers to vomit into.

Most people try to contain their vomit by vomiting into a sink, toilet, or trash can, as vomit is difficult and unpleasant to clean. On airplanes and boats, special bags are supplied for sick passengers to vomit into. A special disposable bag (leakproof, puncture-resistant, odorless) containing absorbent material that solidifies the vomit quickly is also available, making it convenient and safe to store until there is an opportunity to dispose of it conveniently.

People who vomit chronically (e.g., as part of an eating disorder such as bulimia nervosa) may devise various ways to hide this disorder.

An online study of people's responses to "horrible sounds" found vomiting "the most disgusting". Professor Trevor Cox of the University of Salford's Acoustic Research Centre said that "We are pre-programmed to be repulsed by horrible things such as vomiting, as it is fundamental to staying alive to avoid nasty stuff." It is thought that disgust is triggered by the sound of vomiting to protect those nearby from, possibly diseased, food.^[15]

Miscellanea

Self-induced
- Eating disorders (anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa)
- To eliminate an ingested poison (some poisons should not be vomited as they may be more toxic when inhaled or aspirated; it is better to ask for help before inducing vomiting)
- Some people who engage in binge drinking induce vomiting to make room in their stomachs for more alcohol consumption.
- People suffering from nausea may induce vomiting in hopes of feeling better.
After surgery (postoperative nausea and vomiting)
Disagreeable sights or disgust, smells or thoughts (such as decayed matter, others' vomit, thinking of vomiting), etc.
Extreme pain, such as intense headache or myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Violent emotions
Cyclic vomiting syndrome (a poorly understood condition with attacks of vomiting)
High doses of ionizing radiation sometimes trigger a vomit reflex.
Violent fits of coughing, hiccups, or asthma
Anxiety
Depression
Overexertion (doing too much strenuous exercise can lead to vomiting shortly afterwards).
Rumination syndrome, an underdiagnosed and poorly understood disorder that causes sufferers to regurgitate food shortly after ingestion.

Other types

Fecal vomiting (aka stercoraceous vomiting)^[16] is a kind of vomiting, or emesis, in which partially or fully digested matter is expelled from the intestines into the stomach, by a combination of liquid and gas pressure and spasmodic contractions of the gastric muscles, and then subsequently forcefully expelled from the stomach up into the esophagus and out through the mouth and sometimes nasal passages. Though it is not usually fecal matter that is expelled^{[citation needed]}, it smells noxious. Alternative medical terms for fecal vomiting are copremesis and stercoraceous vomiting.^[17] Copremesis like all emesis may lead to aspiration. However, if contents of the large intestine are aspirated, severe or even fatal aspiration pneumonia results, secondary to the massive number of bacteria normally present distal to the ileocecal valve.^{[citation needed]} Projectile vomiting refers to vomiting that ejects the gastric contents with great force.^[16] It is a classic symptom of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, in which it typically follows feeding and can be so forceful that some material exits through the nose.^[18]

Treatment

An antiemetic is a drug that is effective against vomiting and nausea. Antiemetics are typically used to treat motion sickness and the side effects of medications such as opioids and chemotherapy.

Antiemetics act by inhibiting the receptor sites associated with emesis. Hence, anticholinergics, antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists, and cannabinoids are used as antiemetics.

Epidemiology

Nausea and/or vomiting are the main complaints in 1.6% of visits to family physicians in Australia.^[19]

References

^ Tintinalli, Judith E. (2010). Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli)). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. p. 830. ISBN 0-07-148480-9.
^ Hornby, PJ (2001). "Central neurocircuitry associated with emesis". The American Journal of Medicine. 111 Suppl 8A (8): 106S–112S. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00849-X. PMID 11749934.
^ Ray Andrew P., Chebolu Seetha, Ramirez Juan, Darmani Nissar A (2009). "Ablation of Least Shrew Central Neurokinin NK1 Receptors Reduces GR73632-Induced Vomiting". Behavioural Neuroscience 123 (3): 701–706. doi:10.1037/a0015733.
^ Decker, W. J. (1971). "In Quest of Emesis: Fact, Fable, and Fancy". Clinical Toxicology 4 (3): 383–387. doi:10.3109/15563657108990490. PMID 4151103.
^ Moder, K. G.; Hurley, D. L. (1991). "Fatal hypernatremia from exogenous salt intake: report of a case and review of the literature". Mayo Clin Proc. 65 (12): 1587–94. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(12)62194-6. PMID 2255221.
^ Salt: a natural antidepressant? The Scotsman. April 6, 2009.
^ Holtzmann NA, Haslam RH (July 1968). "Elevation of serum copper following copper sulfate as an emetic". Pediatrics 42 (1): 189–93. PMID 4385403.
^ Wang, S. C.; Borison, Herbert L. (1951). "Copper Sulphate Emesis: A Study of Afferent Pathways from the Gastrointestinal Tract". Am J Physiol - Legacy Content 164 (2): 520–526.
^ Olson, Kent C. (2004). Poisoning & drug overdose. New York: Lange Medical Mooks/McGraw-Hill. p. 175. ISBN 0-8385-8172-2.
^ "Drugs to Control or Stimulate Vomiting". Merck Veterinary manual. Merck & Co., Inc. 2006.
^ "How to Induce Vomiting (Emesis) in Dogs". Petplace.com. Retrieved 2014-05-03.
^ 9 Best Vomit Scenes On Film, screenjunkies.com
^ Shanon, B. (2002). The antipodes of the mind: Charting the phenomenology of the ayahuasca experience. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
^ Andritzky, W. (1989). "Sociopsychotherapeutic functions of ayahuasca healing in Amazonia". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 21 (1): 77–89. doi:10.1080/02791072.1989.10472145. PMID 2656954.
^ [1]^{[dead link]} University of Salford. January 28, 2007.
^ ^a ^b "vomiting - definition of vomiting in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia". Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 2014-05-03.
^ "fecal vomiting - definition of fecal vomiting in the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia". Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 2014-05-03.
^ Sleisenger, edited by Mark Feldman, Lawrence S. Friedman, Lawrence J. Brandt; consulting editor, Marvin H. (2009). Sleisenger & Fordtran's gastrointestinal and liver disease pathophysiology, diagnosis, management (9th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: MD Consult. p. 783. ISBN 1-4160-6189-4.
^ Helena Britt; Fahridin, S (September 2007). "Presentations of nausea and vomiting". Aust Fam Physician 36 (9): 673–784. PMID 17885697.

External links

Cyclical Vomiting Syndrome
"Emetics". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 悪心および嘔吐を呈する幼児または小児に対するアプローチ approach to the infant or child with nausea and vomiting
2. 悪心および嘔吐を伴う成人に対するアプローチ approach to the adult with nausea and vomiting
3. 周期性嘔吐症候群 cyclic vomiting syndrome
4. 妊娠の悪心および嘔吐の臨床的特徴および評価 clinical features and evaluation of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy
5. 成人における神経性大食症：認知行動療法（CBT） bulimia nervosa in adults cognitive behavioral therapy cbt

English Journal

A standardized Hippophae extract (SBL-1) counters neuronal tissue injuries and changes in neurotransmitters: implications in radiation protection.

Bala M1, Gupta V1, Prasad J1.
Pharmaceutical biology.Pharm Biol.2017 Dec;55(1):1833-1842. doi: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1331365.
PMID 28552029

Multiple huge epiphrenic esophageal diverticula with motility disease treated with video-assisted thoracoscopic and hand-assisted laparoscopic esophagectomy: a case report.

Taniguchi Y1, Takahashi T2, Nakajima K1, Higashi S1, Tanaka K1, Miyazaki Y1, Makino T1, Kurokawa Y1, Yamasaki M1, Takiguchi S1, Mori M1, Doki Y1.
Surgical case reports.Surg Case Rep.2017 Dec;3(1):63. doi: 10.1186/s40792-017-0339-6. Epub 2017 May 8.
PMID 28485002

Cereulide production by Bacillus weihenstephanensis strains during growth at different pH values and temperatures.

Guérin A1, Rønning HT2, Dargaignaratz C1, Clavel T1, Broussolle V1, Mahillon J3, Granum PE2, Nguyen-The C4.
Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2017 Aug;65:130-135. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.02.006. Epub 2017 Feb 16.
PMID 28399995

Phase I/II study of the novel proteasome inhibitor delanzomib (CEP-18770) for relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma.

Vogl DT1, Martin TG2, Vij R3, Hari P4, Mikhael JR5, Siegel D6, Wu KL7, Delforge M8, Gasparetto C9.
Leukemia & lymphoma.Leuk Lymphoma.2017 Aug;58(8):1872-1879. doi: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1263842. Epub 2017 Jan 31.
PMID 28140719