WordNet

remaining in an original state; "persisting unaltered through time" (同)unchanged
permanent; "a standing army"
social or financial or professional status or reputation; "of equal standing"; "a member in good standing"
the act of assuming or maintaining an erect upright position
an ordered listing of scores or results showing the relative positions of competitors (individuals or teams) in a sporting event
(of fluids) not moving or flowing; "mosquitoes breed in standing water"
(of persons) on the feet; having the torso in an erect position supported by straight legs; "standing room only"
executed in or initiated from a standing position; "race from a standing start"; "a standing jump"; "a standing ovation"
having a supporting base; "a standing lamp"
not created for a particular occasion; "a standing committee"
unaffected by a designated operation or transformation
a feature (quantity or property or function) that remains unchanged when a particular transformation is applied to it
not subject or susceptible to change or variation in form or quality or nature; "the view of that time was that all species were immutable, created by God" (同)changeless
not liable to or capable of change; "an invariable temperature"; "an invariable rule"; "his invariable courtesy"
not made or become different; "the causes that produced them have remained unchanged"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉『身分』,地位;名声,評伴;立場 / 〈U〉継続,存続(duration) / 『立っている』,立ったままで行う / 動かない,止まった / 絶え間まなく続く,永続的な;固定した,いつもの;常備の,常設の
(法則などが)不変の,不易の
不変の,一定の
変化のない,もとのままの

UpToDate Contents

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1. 慢性的に鎮痛剤を乱用する患者における悪性尿路疾患とアテローム性動脈硬化症 urinary tract malignancy and atherosclerotic disease in patients with chronic analgesic abuse
2. 慢性腎疾患におけるコルチゾール代謝 cortisol metabolism in chronic kidney disease
3. 肝臓に対する麻酔および外科手術の影響 effects of anesthesia and surgery on the liver
4. BillrothII法再建後の内視鏡的逆行性胆管膵管造影（ERCP） endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ercp after billroth ii reconstruction
5. 自己免疫性溶血性貧血の病因：温暖凝集素と薬剤 pathogenesis of autoimmune hemolytic anemia warm agglutinins and drugs

English Journal

Facile and rapid thermo-regulated biomineralization of gold by pullulan and study of its thermodynamic parameters.

Choudhury AR1, Malhotra A2, Bhattacharjee P3, Prasad GS2.Author information 1CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160 036, India. Electronic address: anirban@imtech.res.in.2CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160 036, India.3Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering Department, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.AbstractA novel method for the production of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using pullulan as reducing and stabilizing agent has been developed. Quasi-spherical shaped AuNPs in the range of 50-100nm were produced at three different temperature regimes 80°C, 90°C and 100°C as characterized using UV-vis spectrophotometer, TEM and DLS. Study of reaction kinetics and thermodynamic parameters indicated that the reaction between pullulan and chloroauric acid for AuNPs formation followed first order reaction kinetics and higher temperature was favorable for the synthesis of smaller sized AuNPs. FT-IR data analyses, provided an insight towards the mechanism of gold nanoparticle formation which suggested that, the free CH2OH groups of pullulan molecule were oxidized to carboxylate ions resulted in formation of AuNPs whereas the basic skeletal structure of pullulan remained unaltered. This study may open up new avenues for synthesis of tailor made biogenic AuNPs with possible application in biomedical field.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2014 Jun 15;106:154-9. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.01.072. Epub 2014 Feb 7.
A novel method for the production of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using pullulan as reducing and stabilizing agent has been developed. Quasi-spherical shaped AuNPs in the range of 50-100nm were produced at three different temperature regimes 80°C, 90°C and 100°C as characterized using UV-vis spectr
PMID 24721063

Beclin-1-mediated autophagy protects spinal cord neurons against mechanical injury-induced apoptosis.

Wang ZY1, Lin JH, Muharram A, Liu WG.Author information 1Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 086-350001, China.AbstractApoptosis has been widely reported to be involved in the pathogenesis associated with spinal cord injury (SCI). Recently, autophagy has also been implicated in various neuronal damage models. However, the role of autophagy in SCI is still controversial and its interrelationship with apoptosis remains unclear. Here, we used an in vitro SCI model to observe a time-dependent induction of autophagy and apoptosis. Mechanical injury induced autophagy markers such as LC3 lipidation, LC3II/LC3I conversion, and Beclin-1expression. Injured neurons showed decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis. To elucidate the effect of autophagy on apoptosis, the mechanically-injured neurons were treated with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and 3-methyl adenine (3-MA), which are known to regulate autophagy positively and negatively, respectively. Rapamycin-treated neurons showed the highest level of cell viability and lowest level of apoptosis among the injured neurons and those treated with 3-MA showed the reciprocal effect. Notably, rapamycin-treated neurons exhibited slightly reduced Bax expression and significantly increasedBcl-2 expression. Furthermore, by plasmid transfection, we showed that Beclin-1-overexpressing neuronal cells responded to mechanical injury with greater LC3II/LC3I conversion and cell viability, lower levels of apoptosis, higher Bcl-2 expression, and unaltered Bax expression as compared to vector control cells. Beclin-1-knockdown neurons showed almost the opposite effects. Taken together, our results suggest that autophagy may serve as a protection against apoptosis in mechanically-injured spinal cord neurons. Targeting mTOR and/or enhancing Beclin-1 expression might be alternative therapeutic strategies for SCI.
Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death.Apoptosis.2014 Jun;19(6):933-45. doi: 10.1007/s10495-014-0976-1.
Apoptosis has been widely reported to be involved in the pathogenesis associated with spinal cord injury (SCI). Recently, autophagy has also been implicated in various neuronal damage models. However, the role of autophagy in SCI is still controversial and its interrelationship with apoptosis remain
PMID 24623173

Effect of isolated unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis on ventilation and exercise performance in rats.

Xu Y1, Rui J2, Zhao X2, Xiao C2, Bao Q2, Li J2, Lao J3.Author information 1Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Hand Surgery, The 3rd Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China; Key Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory of Hebei Province, People's Republic of China.2Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.3Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: laojie633@sina.com.AbstractThe degree of impairment of ventilation and exercise performance after unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis (UDP) induced by phrenic nerve injury has been controversial due to heterogeneity in the published clinical studies. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of isolated UDP on breathing and exercise performance in conscious rats. Breathing was measured by unrestrained whole body plethysmography during quiet breathing and after moderate aerobic exercise. Additionally, incremental exercise testing was performed to evaluate the effects of intensive activity. The results demonstrated that complete UDP in rats resulted in a permanent decrease of peak inspiratory flow at rest breathing. Nevertheless, adequate ventilation could be maintained, and the breathing pattern was unaltered due to a strong compensatory mechanism and central re-coordination initiated by UDP. After being affected at an early stage, the ventilatory response to exercise was gradually regained and subsequently restored.
Respiratory physiology & neurobiology.Respir Physiol Neurobiol.2014 Jun 1;196:25-32. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2014.02.003. Epub 2014 Feb 17.
The degree of impairment of ventilation and exercise performance after unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis (UDP) induced by phrenic nerve injury has been controversial due to heterogeneity in the published clinical studies. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of isolated UDP on breathing a
PMID 24556382

Japanese Journal

Carboxylesterase 1-Mediated Drug–Drug Interactions between Clopidogrel and Simvastatin

Wang Xinwen,Zhu Hao-Jie,Markowitz John Seth
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 38(2), 292-297, 2015
… In summary, the inhibitory effect of simvastatin on the hydrolysis of clopidogrel and its principal metabolites may have offset the influence of simvastatin-mediated inhibition of CYP3A, and permitted the unaltered formation of the clopidogrel active metabolite. …
NAID 130004872259

Addition of sitagliptin or metformin to insulin monotherapy improves blood glucose control via different effects on insulin and glucagon secretion in hyperglycemic Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes

Otsuka Yuichiro,Yamaguchi Suguru,Furukawa Asami,Kosuda Minami,Nakazaki Mitsuhiro,Ishihara Hisamitsu
Endocrine Journal 62(2), 133-143, 2015
… C-peptide levels were unaltered despite reduced glucose responses, while glucagon responses were significantly suppressed (-7.93 ± 1.95% of baseline). … In the metformin group, glucose excursion and incretin responses were unaltered. …
NAID 130004770484

Teneligliptin improves glycemic control with the reduction of postprandial insulin requirement in Japanese diabetic patients

Tsuchimochi Wakaba,Ueno Hiroaki,Yamashita Eiichiro,Tsubouchi Chikako,Sakoda Hideyuki,Nakamura Shuji,Nakazato Masamitsu
Endocrine Journal 62(1), 13-20, 2015
… Both plasma ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin levels were unaltered following teneligliptin treatment. …
NAID 130004770463