tribe

• 種族、(分類学)連、族

関

native、train

　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. a federation (as of American Indians) (同)federation of tribes
2. a social division of (usually preliterate) people (同)folk
3. (biology) a taxonomic category between a genus and a subfamily
4. cause to grow in a certain way by tying and pruning it; "train the vine"
5. exercise in order to prepare for an event or competition; "She is training for the Olympics"
6. public transport provided by a line of railway cars coupled together and drawn by a locomotive; "express trains dont stop at Princeton Junction" (同)railroad train
7. piece of cloth forming the long back section of a gown that is drawn along the floor; "the brides train was carried by her two young nephews"
8. a series of consequences wrought by an event; "it led to a train of disasters"
9. create by training and teaching; "The old master is training world-class violinists"; "we develop the leaders for the future" (同)develop, prepare, educate
10. undergo training or instruction in preparation for a particular role, function, or profession; "She is training to be a teacher"; "He trained as a legal aid" (同)prepare
11. travel by rail or train; "They railed from Rome to Venice"; "She trained to Hamburg" (同)rail
12. characteristic of or existing by virtue of geographic origin; "the native North American sugar maple"; "many native artists studied abroad"
13. indigenous plants and animals
14. an indigenous person who was born in a particular place; "the art of the natives of the northwest coast"; "the Canadian government scrapped plans to tax the grants to aboriginal college students" (同)indigen, indigene, aborigine, aboriginal
15. a person born in a particular place or country; "he is a native of Brazil"
16. characteristic of or relating to people inhabiting a region from the beginning; "native Americans"; "the aboriginal peoples of Australia" (同)aboriginal
17. as found in nature in the elemental form; "native copper"
18. belonging to one by birth; "my native land"; "ones native language"
19. group that supports itself by hunting and fishing and by gathering wild fruits and vegetables; usually nomadic (同)hunting and gathering society
20. someone who lives in a tribe

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 《集合的に》《単数・複数扱い》『部族』 / 《しばしば軽べつして》(…の)仲間,集団,連中《+of+名》 / (動植物の)族(family(科)と genus(属)の間の分類単位)
2. 〈C〉『列車』,(練結された)汽車,電車 / 〈C〉(人・車などを長く続く)列,行列 / 〈C〉(衣服の長く引く)すそ,もすそ / 〈U〉〈C〉《集合的に》従者,随員団 / 〈C〉(事件・考えなどの)連続《+of+名》;(事件などの)結果,余波 / 〈C〉(歯車などを数個組み合わせた)列 / 〈C〉遵火線,口火 / 〈人・動物〉‘に'『教え込む』,‘を'訓練する,しつける / 〈専門家〉‘を'養成する / 〈植物〉‘を'整枝する,仕立てる / (…に)〈銃砲・望遠鏡・カメラなど〉‘を'向ける,ねらう《+名+on(upon)+名》 / 訓練を受ける,練習する:《train for+名…に備えて訓練する》
3. 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『出生地の』,母国の / 『生まれつきの』,生来の / 原産の,土地特有の / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》土着の;《今はまれ》原住民の,原住民特有の / 天然のままの;純粋な / (…)『生まれの人』《+『of』+『名』》 / (移民・旅行者などと区別して)土着の人;《今はまれ》原住民 / (…に)固有の動物(植物);(…の)原産物《+『of』+『名』》
4. 部族の一員,部族民
5. 部族(種族)の女性
6. 酷評,痛烈な非難

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/26 10:26:34」(JST)

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"Tribe" and "Tribal" redirect here. For other uses, see Tribe (disambiguation) and Tribal (disambiguation).

Part of a series on
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A tribe is viewed, historically or developmentally, as a social group existing before the development of, or outside of, states. A tribe is a distinct people, dependent on their land for their livelihood, who are largely self-sufficient, and not integrated into the national society. It is perhaps the term most readily understood and used by the general public. Stephen Corry, director of Survival International the world's only organisation dedicated to indigenous rights, has defined tribal people as "those which have followed ways of life for many generations that are largely self-sufficient, and are clearly different from the mainstream and dominant society." This definition, however, would not apply in countries in the Middle East such as Iraq, where the entire population is a member of one tribe or another and therefore tribalism itself is dominant and mainstream.

There are an estimated one hundred and fifty million tribal individuals worldwide, constituting around forty percent of indigenous individuals. However, although nearly all tribal peoples are also indigenous, there are some who are not indigenous to the areas where they live now.

It is important to make the distinction between tribal and indigenous because tribal peoples have a special status acknowledged in international law as well as problems in addition to those faced by the wider category of indigenous peoples.

Many people used the term "tribal society" to refer to societies organized largely on the basis of social, especially familial, descent groups (see clan and kinship). A customary tribe in these terms is a face-to-face community, relatively bound by kinship relations, reciprocal exchange, and strong ties to place.

"Tribe" is a contested term due to its roots in colonialism. The word has no shared referent, whether in political form, kinship relations or shared culture. Some argue that it conveys a negative connotation of a timeless unchanging past. To avoid these implications, some have chosen to use the terms "ethnic group", or nation instead.

In some places, such as North America and India, tribes are polities that have been granted legal recognition and limited autonomy by the state.

Etymology

A shaman from a tribe in the Venezuelan Amazon playing a siku.

The English word tribe occurs in 12th-century Middle English literature as referring to one of the twelve tribes of Israel. The word is from Old French tribu, in turn from Latin tribus, referring to the original tripartite ethnic division of the Ancient Roman state: Ramnes (Ramnenses), Tities (Titienses), and Luceres, corresponding, according to Marcus Terentius Varro, to the Latins, Sabines, and Etruscans, respectively. The Ramnes were named after Romulus, leader of the Latins, Tities after Titus Tatius, leader of the Sabines, and Luceres after Lucumo, leader of an Etruscan army that had assisted the Latins. According to Livy, the three tribes were in fact squadrons of knights, rather than ethnic divisions. The term's ultimate etymology is uncertain, perhaps from the Proto-Indo-European roots tri- ("three") and bhew ("to be"). Gregory Nagy, in Greek Mythology and Poetics, says, citing the linguist Émile Benveniste in his Origines de la formation des noms en indo-européen, that the Umbrian "trifu" (tribus) is apparently derived from a combination of *tri- and *bhu-, where the second element is cognate with the 'phu-' of Greek phule, and that this subdivided the Greek polis into three phulai.

In 242–240 BC, the Tribal Assembly (comitia tributa) in the Roman Republic was organized in 35 tribes (four "urban tribes" and 31 "rural tribes"). The Latin word as used in the Bible translates as Greek phyle "race, tribe, clan" and ultimately the Hebrew or "sceptre". In the historical sense, "tribe", "race" and "clan" can be used interchangeably.

Tribes and states

Two men from the Andamanese tribe of the Andaman Islands, India.

Considerable debate takes place over how best to characterize tribes. This partly stems from perceived differences between pre-state tribes and contemporary tribes; some reflects more general controversy over cultural evolution and colonialism. In the popular imagination, tribes reflect a way of life that predates, and is more natural than that in modern states. Tribes also privilege primordial social ties, are clearly bounded, homogeneous, parochial, and stable. Thus, it was believed that tribes organize links between families (including clans and lineages), and provide them with a social and ideological basis for solidarity that is in some way more limited than that of an "ethnic group" or of a "nation". Anthropological and ethnohistorical research has challenged all of these notions.

Anthropologist Elman Service presented a system of classification for societies in all human cultures based on the evolution of social inequality and the role of the state. This system of classification contains four categories:

1. Hunter-gatherer bands, which are generally egalitarian.
2. Tribal societies in which there are some limited instances of social rank and prestige.
3. Stratified tribal societies led by chieftains (see Chiefdom).
4. Civilizations, with complex social hierarchies and organized, institutional governments.

In his 1975 study, The Notion of the Tribe, anthropologist Morton H. Fried provided numerous examples of tribes the members of which spoke different languages and practised different rituals, or that shared languages and rituals with members of other tribes. Similarly, he provided examples of tribes where people followed different political leaders, or followed the same leaders as members of other tribes. He concluded that tribes in general are characterized by fluid boundaries and heterogeneity, are not parochial, and are dynamic.

Initiation rituals among boys from a tribe in Malawi.

Fried, however, proposed that most contemporary tribes do not have their origin in pre-state tribes, but rather in pre-state bands. Such "secondary" tribes, he suggested, actually came about as modern products of state expansion. Bands comprise small, mobile, and fluid social formations with weak leadership, that do not generate surpluses, pay no taxes and support no standing army. Fried argued that secondary tribes develop in one of two ways. First, states could set them up as means to extend administrative and economic influence in their hinterland, where direct political control costs too much. States would encourage (or require) people on their frontiers to form more clearly bounded and centralized polities, because such polities could begin producing surpluses and taxes, and would have a leadership responsive to the needs of neighboring states (the so-called "scheduled" tribes of the United States or of British India provide good examples of this). Second, bands could form "secondary" tribes as a means to defend themselves against state expansion. Members of bands would form more clearly bounded and centralized polities, because such polities could begin producing surpluses that could support a standing army that could fight against states, and they would have a leadership that could co-ordinate economic production and military activities.

Archaeologists continue to explore the development of pre-state tribes. Current research suggests that tribal structures constituted one type of adaptation to situations providing plentiful yet unpredictable resources. Such structures proved flexible enough to coordinate production and distribution of food in times of scarcity, without limiting or constraining people during times of surplus.

See also

• Clan
• Neocolonialism
• Nomad
• Pantribal sodalities
• Patrilineality
• Segmentary society
• Social group
• Stateless society
• Band society
• Tribal chief
• Tribal name
• Tribal sovereignty
• Tribal warfare
• Tribalism
• Tribe (internet)

◌ Micronation

Notes

References

• Benveniste, Émile. Indo-European Language and Society, translated by Elizabeth Palmer. London: Faber and Faber 1973. ISBN 0-87024-250-4.
• Benveniste, Émile. Origines de la formation des noms en indo-européen, 1935.
• Fried, Morton H. The Notion of Tribe. Cummings Publishing Company, 1975. ISBN 0-8465-1548-2.
• Helm, June, ed., 1968. Essays on the Problem of Tribe, Proceedings, American Ethnological Society, 1967 (Seattle: University of Washington Press).
• James, Paul (2006). Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In. London: Sage Publications. 
• James, Paul (2001). "Relating Global Tensions: Modern Tribalism and Postmodern Nationalism". Communal/Plural 9 (1). 
• Nagy, Gregory, Greek Mythology and Poetics, Cornell University Press, 1990. In chapter 12, beginning on p. 276, Professor Nagy explores the meaning of the word origin and social context of a tribe in ancient Greece and beyond.
• Sutton, Imre, Indian Land Tenure: Bibliographical Essays and a Guide to the Literature (NY: Clearwater, 1975): tribe—pp. 101–02, 180–2, 186–7, 191–3.
• Renfrew, Colin, and Paul G. Bahn. Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2008.

External links

• Survival International
• Chiefdom: Precursor of the Tribe?
• Moroccan Tribes

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English Journal

• Microscopical discrimination of the subterranean organs of medicinally used plants of the Cichorieae and their relatives.

• Fritz E, Saukel J.SourceUniversity of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
• Pharmaceutical biology.Pharm Biol.2011 Aug;49(8):789-95. Epub 2011 Apr 12.
• Context: Light microscopy is in most cases a quick method for the identification and discrimination of medicinally used plant drugs; moreover, this technique is very inexpensive. Reliable descriptions of the anatomy of plants and their adulterations are prerequisites for necessary purity controls. O
• PMID 21486100

• The PI/GLO-like locus in orchids: Duplication and purifying selection at synonymous sites within Orchidinae (Orchidaceae).

• Cantone C, Gaudio L, Aceto S.AbstractPositive selection and relaxation of purifying constraints after duplication events have driven the functional diversification of gene families involved in development. One example of this occurred within the plant MADS-box genes. The evolution of the orchid flower was driven by duplication events followed by sub- and neo-functionalization of class B DEF-like MADS-box genes, which are present at three to four copies in the orchid genome. In contrast, the orchid PI/GLO-like class B MADS-box genes have been reported thus far as single-copy loci, with the only exception of Habenaria radiata. We isolated a novel PI/GLO-like gene (OrcPI2) in Orchis italica, which is different than the previously characterized OrcPI locus. The presence of two functional paralogs of PI/GLO-like genes in orchids is detectable only within the tribe Orchidinae. Evolutionary analyses revealed an apparent relaxation of purifying selection acting on the two PI/GLO-like paralogs of the Orchidinae when compared to the single-copy PI/GLO-like genes found in other orchid species. Furthermore, by measuring dN/dS (ω) ratios, we show that a high percentage of sites between the two PI/GLO-like paralogs have different evolutionary pressures. Interestingly, the apparent relaxation of selective constraints on the two PI/GLO-like paralogs is due to strong purifying selection at synonymous sites rather than to a high value of nonsynonymous substitution rate. This peculiar evolutionary pattern might be related to molecular processes such as mRNA folding and/or translational efficiency control. These processes could potentially be involved in or predate the functional diversification of the two PI/GLO-like paralogs within Orchidinae.
• Gene.Gene.2011 Jul 15;481(1):48-55. Epub 2011 Apr 27.
• Positive selection and relaxation of purifying constraints after duplication events have driven the functional diversification of gene families involved in development. One example of this occurred within the plant MADS-box genes. The evolution of the orchid flower was driven by duplication events f
• PMID 21549812

• Distribution of Y-chromosome q lineages in native americans.

• Bisso-Machado R, Jota MS, Ramallo V, Paixao-Cortes VR, Lacerda DR, Salzano FM, Bonatto SL, Santos FR, Bortolini MC.SourceDepartamento de Genetica, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15053, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
• American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council.Am J Hum Biol.2011 Jul;23(4):563-6. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.21173. Epub 2011 May 4.
• Objectives: This investigation was performed to identify and evaluate the distribution of all 15 Y-chromosome lineages belonging to the Q clade in a sample of natives from South America. Methods: One hundred and forty-eight individuals from 20 Native American populations, as well as 24 Asian samples
• PMID 21544893

Japanese Journal

• Molecular phylogeny of tribe Forsythieae (Oleaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers and plastid DNA trnL-F and matK gene sequences

• Kim Dong-Kap,Kim Joo-Hwan
• Journal of plant research 124(3), 339-347, 2011-05
• NAID 40018798527

• 「記憶」と「未来」--北米先住民の記憶継承 (特集 未来)

• 川浦 佐知子
• 人間関係研究 (10), 45-52, 2011
• NAID 40018787852

• The Soliga, an isolated tribe from Southern India: genetic diversity and phylogenetic affinities

• Morlote Diana M.,Gayden Tenzin,Arvind Prathima [他]
• Journal of human genetics 56(4), 258-269, 2011-04
• NAID 40018765624

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Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「native」「train」「連」「種族」「族」
拡張検索	「angiotribe」
関連記事	「tri」

「native」

　　[★]

• 自然な、未変性の、ネイティブな、原住民

関

natural、naturally、nature、spontaneous、spontaneously、tribe

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「train」

　　[★]

• n.

• 列、連

• v.

• 訓練する

関

row、tier、training、tribe

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「連」

　　[★]

英

train、(分類学)tribe

関

列、訓練、種族、族

「種族」

　　[★]

英

tribe

関

原住民、族、連

「族」

　　[★]

英

tribe

関

種族、連

「angiotribe」

　　[★]

関

圧砕止血

• A strong forceps used to arrest hemorrhage by crushing the end of a blood vessel and the tissue in which it is embedded.(参考1.)

参考

• 1.

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/angiotribe

「tri」

　　[★]

• comb form.

• (3を表す)トリ