二酸化チタン

関: anatase、titanium oxide

WordNet

a light strong grey lustrous corrosion-resistant metallic element used in strong lightweight alloys (as for airplane parts); the main sources are rutile and ilmenite (同)Ti, atomic number 22
an oxide containing two atoms of oxygen in the molecule

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チタン,チタニウム(金属元素;化学記号は Ti)
二酸化物

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/11 08:27:14」(JST)

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Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO
2. When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. Generally it is sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase. It has a wide range of applications, from paint to sunscreen to food colouring. When used as a food colouring, it has E number E171.

Occurrence

Titanium dioxide occurs in nature as the well-known minerals rutile, anatase and brookite, and additionally as two high pressure forms, a monoclinic baddeleyite-like form and an orthorhombic α-PbO₂-like form, both found recently at the Ries crater in Bavaria.^[4]^[5] It is mainly sourced from ilmenite ore. This is the most widespread form of titanium dioxide-bearing ore around the world. Rutile is the next most abundant and contains around 98% titanium dioxide in the ore. The metastable anatase and brookite phases convert irreversibly to the equilibrium rutile phase upon heating above temperatures in the range 600–800 °C (1,112–1,472 °F).^[6]

Titanium dioxide has eight modifications – in addition to rutile, anatase, and brookite, three metastable phases can be produced synthetically (monoclinic, tetragonal and orthorombic), and five high-pressure forms (α-PbO₂-like, baddeleyite-like, cotunnite-like, orthorhombic OI, and cubic phases) also exist:

Form	Crystal system	Synthesis
rutile	tetragonal
anatase	tetragonal
brookite	orthorhombic
TiO₂(B)^[7]	monoclinic	Hydrolysis of K₂Ti₄O₉ followed by heating
TiO₂(H), hollandite-like form^[8]	tetragonal	Oxidation of the related potassium titanate bronze, K_0.25TiO₂
TiO₂(R), ramsdellite-like form^[9]	orthorhombic	Oxidation of the related lithium titanate bronze Li_0.5TiO₂
TiO₂(II)-(α-PbO₂-like form)^[10]	orthorhombic
baddeleyite-like form, (7 coordinated Ti)^[11]	monoclinic
TiO₂ -OI^[12]	orthorhombic
cubic form^[13]	cubic	P > 40 GPa, T > 1600 °C
TiO₂ -OII, cotunnite(PbCl₂)-like^[14]	orthorhombic	P > 40 GPa, T > 700 °C

The cotunnite-type phase was claimed by L. Dubrovinsky and co-authors to be the hardest known oxide with the Vickers hardness of 38 GPa and the bulk modulus of 431 GPa (i.e. close to diamond's value of 446 GPa) at atmospheric pressure.^[14] However, later studies came to different conclusions with much lower values for both the hardness (7–20 GPa, which makes it softer than common oxides like corundum Al₂O₃ and rutile TiO₂)^[15] and bulk modulus (~300 GPa).^[16]^[17]

The oxides are commercially important ores of titanium. The metal can also be mined from other minerals such as ilmenite or leucoxene ores, or one of the purest forms, rutile beach sand. Star sapphires and rubies get their asterism from rutile impurities present in them.^[18]

Titanium dioxide (B) is found as a mineral in magmatic rocks and hydrothermal veins, as well as weathering rims on perovskite. TiO₂ also forms lamellae in other minerals.^[19]

Spectral lines from titanium oxide are prominent in class M stars, which are cool enough to allow molecules of this chemical to form.

Production

Evolution of the global production of titanium dioxide according to process.

The production method depends on the feedstock. The most common method for the production of titanium dioxide utilizes the mineral ilmenite. Ilmenite is mixed with sulfuric acid. This reacts to remove the iron oxide group in the ilmenite. The by-product iron(II) sulfate is crystallized and filtered-off to yield only the titanium salt in the digestion solution. This product is called synthetic rutile. This is further processed in a similar way to rutile to give the titanium dioxide product. Synthetic rutile and titanium slags are made especially for titanium dioxide production.^[20] The use of ilminite ore usually only produces pigment grade titanium dioxide. Another method for the production of synthetic rutile from ilmenite utilizes the Becher Process.

Rutile is the second most abundant mineral sand. Rutile found in primary rock cannot be extracted hence the deposits containing rutile sand can be mined meaning a reduced availability to the high concentration ore. Crude titanium dioxide (in the form of rutile or synthetic rutile) is purified via converting to titanium tetrachloride in the chloride process. In this process, the crude ore (containing at least 70% TiO₂) is reduced with carbon, oxidized with chlorine to give titanium tetrachloride; i.e., carbothermal chlorination. This titanium tetrachloride is distilled, and re-oxidized in a pure oxygen flame or plasma at 1500–2000 K to give pure titanium dioxide while also regenerating chlorine.^[21] Aluminium chloride is often added to the process as a rutile promotor; the product is mostly anatase in its absence. The preferred raw material for the chloride process is natural rutile because of its high titanium dioxide content.^[22]

One method for the production of titanium dioxide with relevance to nanotechnology is solvothermal Synthesis of titanium dioxide.

Titanium oxide nanotubes, SEM image

Nanotubes

Anatase can be converted by hydrothermal synthesis to delaminated anatase inorganic nanotubes^[23] and titanate nanoribbons which are of potential interest as catalytic supports and photocatalysts. In the synthesis, anatase is mixed with 10 M sodium hydroxide and heated at 130 °C (266 °F) for 72 hours. The reaction product is washed with dilute hydrochloric acid and heated at 400 °C (752 °F) for another 15 hours. The yield of nanotubes is quantitative and the tubes have an outer diameter of 10 to 20 nm and an inner diameter of 5 to 8 nm and have a length of 1 μm. A higher reaction temperature (170 °C) and less reaction volume gives the corresponding nanowires.^[24]

Another process for synthesizing TiO
2 nanotubes is through anodization in an electrolytic solution. When anodized in a 0.5 weight percent HF solution for 20 minutes, well-aligned titanium oxide nanotube arrays can be fabricated with an average tube diameter of 60 nm and length of 250 nm. Based on X-ray Diffraction, nanotubes grown through anodization are amorphous.^[25] As HF is highly corrosive and harmful chemical, NH₄F is now being used as the etching agent in lieu of HF. In a typical synthesis process, a formamide based non aqueous electrolyte is produced containing 0.2M NH₄F and 5 vol% of DI water. The anodization process is carried out under 25V at 20^oC for 20 hours, in a two electrode electrochemical cell consisting of a highly pure and thoroughly cleaned titanium plate as the anode, a copper plate or platinum wire as the cathode and the aforesaid electrolyte.^[26] The as prepared sample is annealed in air at 400^oC to get anatase phase.

SEM (top) and TEM (bottom) images of chiral TiO₂ nanofibers.^[27]

Hollow TiO₂ nanofibers can be also prepared by coating carbon nanofibers with titanium(IV) butoxide (Ti(OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃)₄). The product is then heated at 550 °C for several hours in air to remove the carbon core and form TiO₂ nanocrystals. When chiral carbon nanofibers are used as templates, the resulting TiO₂ fibers are also chiral, i.e., they respond differently to left and right-hand circularly polarized light. Such optical activity is common for organic, but not for inorganic molecules or nanostructures; the latter are preferred for optical applications because of their superior mechanical and thermal stability.^[27]

Applications

The most important application areas are paints and varnishes as well as paper and plastics, which account for about 80% of the world's titanium dioxide consumption. Other pigment applications such as printing inks, fibers, rubber, cosmetic products and foodstuffs account for another 8%. The rest is used in other applications, for instance the production of technical pure titanium, glass and glass ceramics, electrical ceramics, catalysts, electric conductors and chemical intermediates.^[28] It also is in most red-coloured candy.

Pigment

Titanium dioxide is the most widely used white pigment because of its brightness and very high refractive index, in which it is surpassed only by a few other materials. Approximately 4.6 million tons of pigmentary TiO₂ are used annually worldwide, and this number is expected to increase as utilization continues to rise.^[29] When deposited as a thin film, its refractive index and colour make it an excellent reflective optical coating for dielectric mirrors and some gemstones like "mystic fire topaz". TiO₂ is also an effective opacifier in powder form, where it is employed as a pigment to provide whiteness and opacity to products such as paints, coatings, plastics, papers, inks, foods, medicines (i.e. pills and tablets) as well as most toothpastes. In paint, it is often referred to offhandedly as "the perfect white", "the whitest white", or other similar terms. Opacity is improved by optimal sizing of the titanium dioxide particles. Some grades of titanium based pigments as used in sparkly paints, plastics, finishes and pearlescent cosmetics are man-made pigments whose particles have two or more layers of various oxides – often titanium dioxide, iron oxide or alumina – in order to have glittering, iridescent and or pearlescent effects similar to crushed mica or guanine-based products. In addition to these effects a limited colour change is possible in certain formulations depending on how and at which angle the finished product is illuminated and the thickness of the oxide layer in the pigment particle; one or more colours appear by reflection while the other tones appear due to interference of the transparent titanium dioxide layers.^[30] In some products, the layer of titanium dioxide is grown in conjunction with iron oxide by calcination of titanium salts (sulfates, chlorates) around 800 °C^[31] or other industrial deposition methods such as chemical vapour deposition on substrates such as mica platelets or even silicon dioxide crystal platelets of no more than 50 µm in diameter.^[32] The iridescent effect in these titanium oxide particles (which are only partly natural) is unlike the opaque effect obtained with usual ground titanium oxide pigment obtained by mining, in which case only a certain diameter of the particle is considered and the effect is due only to scattering.

In ceramic glazes titanium dioxide acts as an opacifier and seeds crystal formation.

Titanium dioxide has been shown statistically to increase skimmed milk's whiteness, increasing skimmed milk's sensory acceptance score.^[33]

Titanium dioxide is used to mark the white lines of some tennis courts.^[34]

The exterior of the Saturn V rocket was painted with titanium dioxide; this later allowed astronomers to determine that J002E3 was the S-IVB stage from Apollo 12 and not an asteroid.

Sunscreen and UV blocking pigments in the industry

In cosmetic and skin care products, titanium dioxide is used as a pigment, sunscreen and a thickener. It is also used as a tattoo pigment and in styptic pencils. Titanium dioxide is produced in varying particle sizes, oil and water dispersible, and in certain grades for the cosmetic industry.

Titanium dioxide is found in the majority of physical sunscreens because of its high refractive index, its strong UV light absorbing capabilities and its resistance to discolouration under ultraviolet light. This advantage enhances its stability and ability to protect the skin from ultraviolet light. Nano-scaled titanium dioxide particles are primarily used in sun screen lotion because they scatter visible light less than titanium dioxide pigments while still providing UV protection.^[29] Sunscreens designed for infants or people with sensitive skin are often based on titanium dioxide and/or zinc oxide, as these mineral UV blockers are believed to cause less skin irritation than other UV absorbing chemicals.

This pigment is used extensively in plastics and other applications not only as a white pigment or an opacifier but also for its UV resistant properties where the powder disperses the light – unlike organic UV absorbers – and reduces UV damage, due mostly to the extremely high refractive index of the particles.^[35] Certain polymers used in coatings for concrete^[36] or those used to impregnate concrete as a reinforcement are sometimes charged with titanium white pigment for UV shielding in the construction industry, but it only delays the oxidative photodegradation of the polymer in question, which is said to "chalk" as it flakes off due to lowered impact strength and may crumble after years of exposure in direct sunlight if UV stabilizers have not been included.

Photocatalyst

TiO₂ fibers and spirals

Titanium dioxide, particularly in the anatase form, is a photocatalyst under ultraviolet (UV) light. It has been reported that titanium dioxide, when doped with nitrogen ions or doped with metal oxide like tungsten trioxide, is also a photocatalyst under either visible or UV light.^[37] The strong oxidative potential of the positive holes oxidizes water to create hydroxyl radicals. It can also oxidize oxygen or organic materials directly. Hence, in addition to its use as a pigment, titanium dioxide can be added to paints, cements, windows, tiles, or other products for its sterilizing, deodorizing and anti-fouling properties and is used as a hydrolysis catalyst. It is also used in dye-sensitized solar cells, which are a type of chemical solar cell (also known as a Graetzel cell).

The photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide were discovered by Akira Fujishima in 1967^[38] and published in 1972.^[39] The process on the surface of the titanium dioxide was called the Honda-Fujishima effect (ja:本多-藤嶋効果).^[38] Titanium dioxide, in thin film and nanoparticle form has potential for use in energy production: as a photocatalyst, it can carry out hydrolysis; i.e., break water into hydrogen and oxygen. With the hydrogen collected, it could be used as a fuel. The efficiency of this process can be greatly improved by doping the oxide with carbon.^[40] Further efficiency and durability has been obtained by introducing disorder to the lattice structure of the surface layer of titanium dioxide nanocrystals, permitting infrared absorption.^[41]

In 1995 Fujishima and his group discovered the superhydrophilicity phenomenon for titanium dioxide coated glass exposed to sun light.^[38] This resulted in the development of self-cleaning glass and anti-fogging coatings.

TiO₂ incorporated into outdoor building materials, such as paving stones in noxer blocks^[42] or paints, can substantially reduce concentrations of airborne pollutants such as volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides.^[43]

A photocatalytic cement that uses titanium dioxide as a primary component, produced by Italcementi Group, was included in Time's Top 50 Inventions of 2008.^[44]

Attempts have been made to photocatalytically mineralize pollutants (to convert into CO₂ and H₂O) in waste water.^[45] TiO₂ offers great potential as an industrial technology for detoxification or remediation of wastewater due to several factors:^[46]

The process uses natural oxygen and sunlight and thus occurs under ambient conditions; it is wavelength selective and is accelerated by UV light.
The photocatalyst is inexpensive, readily available, non-toxic, chemically and mechanically stable, and has a high turnover.
The formation of photocyclized intermediate products, unlike direct photolysis techniques, is avoided.
Oxidation of the substrates to CO₂ is complete.
TiO₂ can be supported as thin films on suitable reactor substrates, which can be readily separated from treated water.^[47]

Other applications

Synthetic single crystals of TiO₂, ca. 2–3 mm in size, cut from a larger plate.

Titanium dioxide in solution or suspension can be used to cleave protein that contains the amino acid proline at the site where proline is present.^[48]

Titanium dioxide is also used as a material in the memristor, a new electronic circuit element. It can be employed for solar energy conversion based on dye, polymer, or quantum dot sensitized nanocrystalline TiO₂ solar cells using conjugated polymers as solid electrolytes.^[49]

Synthetic single crystals and films of TiO₂ are used as a semiconductor,^[50] and also in Bragg-stack style dielectric mirrors owing to the high refractive index of TiO₂ (2.5–2.9).^[51]^[52]

Bob Ross often used Titanium White, the pigment of titanium oxide, to paint his paintings in his TV show The Joy of Painting.

Health and safety

Titanium dioxide is incompatible with strong reducing agents and strong acids.^[53] Violent or incandescent reactions occur with molten metals that are very electropositive, e.g. aluminium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc and lithium.^[54]

Titanium dioxide accounts for 70% of the total production volume of pigments worldwide.^{[citation needed]} It is widely used to provide whiteness and opacity to products such as paints, plastics, papers, inks, foods, and toothpastes. It is also used in cosmetic and skin care products, and it is present in almost every sunblock, where it helps protect the skin from ultraviolet light.

Many sunscreens use nanoparticle titanium dioxide (along with nanoparticle zinc oxide) which, despite reports of potential health risks,^[55] is not actually absorbed through the skin.^[56] Other effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on human health are not well understood.^[57] Nevertheless, allergy to topical application has been confirmed.^[58]

Titanium dioxide dust, when inhaled, has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as an IARC Group 2B carcinogen, meaning it is possibly carcinogenic to humans.^[59] The findings of the IARC are based on the discovery that high concentrations of pigment-grade (powdered) and ultrafine titanium dioxide dust caused respiratory tract cancer in rats exposed by inhalation and intratracheal instillation.^[60] The series of biological events or steps that produce the rat lung cancers (e.g. particle deposition, impaired lung clearance, cell injury, fibrosis, mutations and ultimately cancer) have also been seen in people working in dusty environments. Therefore, the observations of cancer in animals were considered, by IARC, as relevant to people doing jobs with exposures to titanium dioxide dust. For example, titanium dioxide production workers may be exposed to high dust concentrations during packing, milling, site cleaning and maintenance, if there are insufficient dust control measures in place. However, the human studies conducted so far do not suggest an association between occupational exposure to titanium dioxide and an increased risk for cancer. The safety of the use of nano-particle sized titanium dioxide, which can penetrate the body and reach internal organs, has been criticized.^[61] Studies have also found that titanium dioxide nanoparticles cause inflammatory response and genetic damage in mice.^[62]^[63] The mechanism by which TiO
2 may cause cancer is unclear. Molecular research suggests that cell cytotoxicity due to TiO
2 results from the interaction between TiO
2 nanoparticles and the lysosomal compartment, independently of the known apoptotic signalling pathways.^[64]

The body of research regarding the carcinogenicity of different particle sizes of titanium dioxide has led the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to recommend two separate exposure limits. NIOSH recommends that fine TiO
2 particles be set at an exposure limit of 2.4 mg/m³, while ultrafine TiO
2 be set at an exposure limit of 0.3 mg/m³, as time-weighted average concentrations up to 10 hours a day for a 40-hour work week.^[65] These recommendations reflect the findings in the research literature that show smaller titanium dioxide particles are more likely to pose carcinogenic risk than the larger titanium dioxide particles.

There is some evidence the rare disease yellow nail syndrome may be caused by titanium, either implanted for medical reasons or through eating various foods containing titanium dioxide.^[66]

Dunkin' Donuts in the United States is dropping titanium dioxide from its powdered sugar donuts after public pressure.^[67]^[68]^[69]^{[undue weight? – discuss]} However, Andrew Maynard, director of Risk Science Center at the University of Michigan disregarded extreme danger from use of titanium dioxide in food. He says that the titanium dioxide used by Dunkin’ Brands and many other food producers is not a new material, and it is not a nanomaterial either. Nanoparticles are typically smaller than 100 nanometres in diameter. Yet most of the particles in food grade titanium dioxide are much larger.^[70]

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^ Paschotta, Rüdiger. "Bragg Mirrors". Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology. RP Photonics. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
^ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
^ Occupational Health Services, Inc. (31 May 1988). "Hazardline" (Electronic Bulletin)|format= requires |url= (help). New York: Occupational Health Services, Inc.
^ Sax, N.I.; Lewis, Richard J., Sr. (2000). Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials III (10th ed.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 3279. ISBN 978-0-471-35407-9.
^ "Nano-tech sunscreen presents potential health risk". ABC News. 18 December 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
^ Sadrieh N, Wokovich AM, Gopee NV; et al. (May 2010). "Lack of significant dermal penetration of titanium dioxide from sunscreen formulations containing nano- and submicron-size TiO₂ particles". Toxicol. Sci. 115 (1): 156–66. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfq041. PMC 2855360. PMID 20156837.
^ "Nano World: Nanoparticle toxicity tests". Physorg.com. 5 April 2006. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
^ Shaw T, Simpson B, Wilson B, Oostman H, Rainey D, Storrs F (August 2010). "True photoallergy to sunscreens is rare despite popular belief". Dermatitis 21 (4): 185–98. PMID 20646669.
^ "Titanium dioxide" (PDF) 93. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2006.
^ Serpone, Nick; Kutal, Charles (1993). Photosensitive metal-organic systems: mechanistic principles and applications. Columbus, OH: American Chemical Society. ISBN 0-8412-2527-3.
^ "Suncream may be linked to Alzheimer's disease, say experts". Daily Mail (London). 24 August 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2009.
^ "Nanoparticles Used in Common Household Items Cause Genetic Damage in Mice". 17 November 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
^ Yazdi AS, Guarda G, Riteau N; et al. (November 2010). "Nanoparticles activate the NLR pyrin domain containing 3 (Nlrp3) inflammasome and cause pulmonary inflammation through release of IL-1α and IL-1β". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107 (45): 19449–54. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10719449Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.1008155107. PMC 2984140. PMID 20974980.
^ Zhu Y, Eaton JW, Li C (2012). "Titanium Dioxide (TiO(2)) Nanoparticles Preferentially Induce Cell Death in Transformed Cells in a Bak/Bax-Independent Fashion". PLoS ONE 7 (11): e50607. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...750607Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050607. PMC 3503962. PMID 23185639.
^ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. "Current Intelligence Bulletin 63: Occupational Exposure to Titanium Dioxide (NIOSH Publication No. 2011-160)" (PDF). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
^ Berglund F, Carlmark B (October 2011). "Titanium, sinusitis, and the yellow nail syndrome". Biol Trace Elem Res 143 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1007/s12011-010-8828-5. PMC 3176400. PMID 20809268.
^ "Dunkin' Donuts to remove titanium dioxide from donuts". CNN Money. March 2015.
^ "Dunkin' Donuts Nixing Controversial Ingredient From Its Doughnuts". Eater. March 2015.
^ "Dunkin' to stop using whitening agent". USA TODAY. March 2015.
^ Dunkin' Donuts ditches titanium dioxide – but is it actually harmful? The Conversation. March 12, 2015

External links

International Chemical Safety Card 0338
"Nano-Oxides, Inc. – Nano Powders, LEGIT information on Titanium Dioxide TiO₂" (PDF). www.nano-oxides.com. Retrieved November 2008.
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
The Largest TiO₂ Distributor in China Interview with Chairman Yang Tao by ICOAT.CC.
"Fresh doubt over America map", bbc.co.uk, 30 July 2002
Titanium Dioxide Classified as Possibly Carcinogenic to Humans, 2007 (if inhaled as a powder)
A description of TiO₂ photocatalysis
Crystal structures of the three forms of TiO₂
"Architecture in Italy goes green", Elisabetta Povoledo, International Herald Tribune, November 22, 2006
"A Concrete Step Toward Cleaner Air", Bruno Giussani, BusinessWeek.com, November 8, 2006
"Titanium Dioxide Classified as Possibly Carcinogenic to Humans", Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, August, 2006
Sunscreen in the Sky? Reflective Particles May Combat Warming
Titanium and titanium dioxide production data (US and World)

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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「二酸化チタン」「anatase」「titanium oxide」
関連記事	「dioxide」「titanium」

「二酸化チタン」

Titanium dioxide
Names
	IUPAC names Titanium dioxide; Titanium(IV) oxide
	Other names Titania; Rutile; Anatase; Brookite
Identifiers
CAS Number	13463-67-7
ChEBI	CHEBI:32234
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1201136
ChemSpider	24256
Jmol interactive 3D	Image
KEGG	C13409
PubChem	26042
RTECS number	XR2775000
UNII	15FIX9V2JP
	InChI InChI=1S/2O.Ti Key: GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/2O.Ti/rO2Ti/c1-3-2 Key: GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-TYTSCOISAW ;
	SMILES O=[Ti]=O ;
Properties
Chemical formula	TiO; 2
Molar mass	79.866 g/mol
Appearance	White solid
Odor	odorless
Density	4.23 g/cm3 (Rutile) 3.78 g/cm3 (Anatase)
Melting point	1,843 °C (3,349 °F; 2,116 K)
Boiling point	2,972 °C (5,382 °F; 3,245 K)
Solubility in water	insoluble
Band gap	3.05 eV (rutile)
Refractive index (nD)	2.488 (anatase); 2.583 (brookite); 2.609 (rutile)
Thermochemistry
Std molar; entropy (So298)	50 J·mol−1·K−1
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfHo298)	−945 kJ·mol−1
Hazards
Safety data sheet	ICSC 0338
EU classification (DSD)	Not listed
NFPA 704	0 1 0
Flash point	Non-flammable
	US health exposure limits (NIOSH):
PEL (Permissible)	TWA 15 mg/m3
REL (Recommended)	Ca
IDLH (Immediate danger	Ca [5000 mg/m3]
Related compounds
Other cations	Zirconium dioxide; Hafnium dioxide
Related titanium oxides	Titanium(II) oxide; Titanium(III) oxide; Titanium(III,IV) oxide
Related compounds	Titanic acid
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
	verify (what is ?)
	Infobox references

　　[★]

英: titanium dioxide
関: 鋭錐石、酸化チタン

「anatase」

　　[★]

鋭錐石

関: titanium dioxide、titanium oxide

「titanium oxide」

　　[★]

酸化チタン

関: anatase、titanium dioxide

「dioxide」

　　[★]

二酸化物、ジオキシド　　

「titanium」

　　[★]

チタン

関: Ti

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[26] Sarkar, A.; Singh, A.K.; Sarkar, D.; Khan, G.G.; Mandal, K. (2014). "TiO₂/ZnO core/shell nano-heterostructure arrays as photo-electrodes with enhanced visible light photoelectrochemical performance". RSC Advances 4 (98): 55629–55634. doi:10.1039/c4ra09456e.

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[55] "Nano-tech sunscreen presents potential health risk". ABC News. 18 December 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2010.

[56] Sadrieh N, Wokovich AM, Gopee NV; et al. (May 2010). "Lack of significant dermal penetration of titanium dioxide from sunscreen formulations containing nano- and submicron-size TiO₂ particles". Toxicol. Sci. 115 (1): 156–66. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfq041. PMC 2855360. PMID 20156837.

[57] "Nano World: Nanoparticle toxicity tests". Physorg.com. 5 April 2006. Retrieved 12 April 2010.

[58] Shaw T, Simpson B, Wilson B, Oostman H, Rainey D, Storrs F (August 2010). "True photoallergy to sunscreens is rare despite popular belief". Dermatitis 21 (4): 185–98. PMID 20646669.

[IARC-59] "Titanium dioxide" (PDF) 93. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2006.

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[61] "Suncream may be linked to Alzheimer's disease, say experts". Daily Mail (London). 24 August 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2009.

[62] "Nanoparticles Used in Common Household Items Cause Genetic Damage in Mice". 17 November 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2009.

[63] Yazdi AS, Guarda G, Riteau N; et al. (November 2010). "Nanoparticles activate the NLR pyrin domain containing 3 (Nlrp3) inflammasome and cause pulmonary inflammation through release of IL-1α and IL-1β". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107 (45): 19449–54. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10719449Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.1008155107. PMC 2984140. PMID 20974980.

[64] Zhu Y, Eaton JW, Li C (2012). "Titanium Dioxide (TiO(2)) Nanoparticles Preferentially Induce Cell Death in Transformed Cells in a Bak/Bax-Independent Fashion". PLoS ONE 7 (11): e50607. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...750607Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050607. PMC 3503962. PMID 23185639.

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[PMC3176400-66] Berglund F, Carlmark B (October 2011). "Titanium, sinusitis, and the yellow nail syndrome". Biol Trace Elem Res 143 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1007/s12011-010-8828-5. PMC 3176400. PMID 20809268.

[67] "Dunkin' Donuts to remove titanium dioxide from donuts". CNN Money. March 2015.

[68] "Dunkin' Donuts Nixing Controversial Ingredient From Its Doughnuts". Eater. March 2015.

[69] "Dunkin' to stop using whitening agent". USA TODAY. March 2015.

[70] Dunkin' Donuts ditches titanium dioxide – but is it actually harmful? The Conversation. March 12, 2015

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