同: 側頭骨

WordNet

of this earth or world; "temporal joys"; "our temporal existence"
not eternal; "temporal matters of but fleeting moment"- F.D.Roosevelt
of or relating to or limited by time; "temporal processing"; "temporal dimensions"; "temporal and spacial boundaries"; "music is a temporal art"
of or relating to the temples (the sides of the skull behind the orbit); "temporal bone"
remove the bones from; "bone the turkey before roasting it" (同)debone
the porous calcified substance from which bones are made (同)osseous_tissue
consisting of or made up of bone; "a bony substance"; "the bony framework of the body"
a shade of white the color of bleached bones (同)ivory, pearl, off-white
rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates (同)os
having bones as specified; "his lanky long-boned body"
having had the bones removed; "a boneless rib roast"; "a boned (or deboned) fish" (同)deboned
a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of hollow pieces of wood or bone (usually held between the thumb and fingers) that are made to click together (as by Spanish dancers) in rhythm with the dance (同)castanets, clappers, finger cymbals

PrepTutorEJDIC

時の,時間の / この世の,現世の;俗界の / 一時的な,はかない
こめかみの
〈C〉骨 / 〈U〉骨を作っている物質,骨質 / 《複数形で》骨格;死骸(がい) / 〈魚など〉‘の'骨を取る
(魚など)骨を取り除いた / (衣服が)(コルセットなどで)骨で張りをつけた[ような]

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/15 17:07:00」(JST)

wiki en

The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebrum.

The temporal bone supports that part of the face known as the temple and houses the structures of the organ of hearing. The lower seven cranial nerves and the major vessels to and from the brain traverse the temporal bone.

Structure

The temporal bone consists of five parts:^[1]^[2] The squamous part, which is the biggest part of the temporal bone and lies superior to all parts. Posterior and inferior to the squamous part lies the mastoid portion. Fused with the squamous and mastoid parts and between the sphenoid and occipital bones lies the petrous portion (Petrosal ridge). It is recognizable because of its pyramid shape. The tympanic part is a small portion which lies inferior to the squamous part, anteroir to the mastoid part and superior to the styloid process. Styloid, ( Greek: Pillar Form) a long pointed process is directed downwards, forwards and medially between parotid gland and internal jugular vein.Main article: styloid Process^[3] As already mentioned the Styloid process lies inferior to the tympanic part. It is shaped like a thorn.

Borders

Occipitomastoid suture. It separates occipital bone and mastoid portion of temporal bone.

Squamosal suture. It separates parietal bone and squama portion of temporal bone.

Sphenosquamosal suture. It separates sphenoid bone and squama portion of temporal bone.

Zygomaticotemporal suture. It separates zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone.

Development

The temporal bone is ossified from eight centers, exclusive of those for the internal ear and the tympanic ossicles: one for the squama including the zygomatic process, one for the tympanic part, four for the petrous and mastoid parts, and two for the styloid process. Just before the close of fetal life [Fig. 6] the temporal bone consists of three principal parts:

The squama is ossified in membrane from a single nucleus, which appears near the root of the zygomatic process about the second month.
The petromastoid part is developed from four centers, which make their appearance in the cartilaginous ear capsule about the fifth or sixth month. One (proötic) appears in the neighborhood of the eminentia arcuata, spreads in front and above the internal acoustic meatus and extends to the apex of the bone; it forms part of the cochlea, vestibule, superior semicircular canal, and medial wall of the tympanic cavity. A second (opisthotic) appears at the promontory on the medial wall of the tympanic cavity and surrounds the fenestra cochleæ; it forms the floor of the tympanic cavity and vestibule, surrounds the carotid canal, invests the lateral and lower part of the cochlea, and spreads medially below the internal acoustic meatus. A third (pterotic) roofs in the tympanic cavity and antrum; while the fourth (epiotic) appears near the posterior semicircular canal and extends to form the mastoid process (Vrolik).
The tympanic ring is an incomplete circle, in the concavity of which is a groove, the tympanic sulcus, for the attachment of the circumference of the tympanic membrane. This ring expands to form the tympanic part, and is ossified in membrane from a single center which appears about the third month. The styloid process is developed from the proximal part of the cartilage of the second branchial or hyoid arch by two centers: one for the proximal part, the tympanohyal, appears before birth; the other, comprising the rest of the process, is named the stylohyal, and does not appear until after birth. The tympanic ring unites with the squama shortly before birth; the petromastoid part and squama join during the first year, and the tympanohyal portion of the styloid process about the same time [Fig. 7, 8]. The stylohyal does not unite with the rest of the bone until after puberty, and in some skulls never at all.

The chief subsequent changes in the temporal bone apart from increase in size are:

The tympanic ring extends outward and backward to form the tympanic part. This extension does not, however, take place at an equal rate all around the circumference of the ring, but occurs most rapidly on its anterior and posterior portions, and these outgrowths meet and blend, and thus, for a time, there exists in the floor of the meatus a foramen, the foramen of Huschke; this foramen is usually closed about the fifth year, but may persist throughout life.
The mandibular fossa is at first extremely shallow, and looks lateralward as well as downward; it becomes deeper and is ultimately directed downward. Its change in direction is accounted for as follows. The part of the squama which forms the fossa lies at first below the level of the zygomatic process. As, however, the base of the skull increases in width, this lower part of the squama is directed horizontally inward to contribute to the middle fossa of the skull, and its surfaces therefore come to look upward and downward; the attached portion of the zygomatic process also becomes everted, and projects like a shelf at right angles to the squama.
The mastoid portion is at first quite flat, and the stylomastoid foramen and rudimentary styloid process lie immediately behind the tympanic ring. With the development of the air cells the outer part of the mastoid portion grows downward and forward to form the mastoid process, and the styloid process and stylomastoid foramen now come to lie on the under surface. The descent of the foramen is necessarily accompanied by a corresponding lengthening of the facial canal.
The downward and forward growth of the mastoid process also pushes forward the tympanic part, so that the portion of it which formed the original floor of the meatus and contained the foramen of Huschke is ultimately found in the anterior wall.
The fossa subarcuata becomes filled up and almost obliterated.

1. Outer surface of petromastoid part. 2. Outer surface of tympanic ring. 3. Inner surface of squama.
Figure 7 : Temporal bone at birth. Outer aspect.
Figure 8 : Temporal bone at birth. Inner aspect.

Clinical significance

Temporal bone fractures are divided into three main categories, longitudinal, in which the vertical axis of the fracture parallels the petrous ridge, horizontal, in which the axis of the fracture is perpendicular to the petrous ridge, and oblique, which is a mixed fracture with both longitudinal and horizontal components.^{[citation needed]} The horizontal fractures are more associated with injuries to the facial nerve, while longitudinal fractures are more often associated with injuries to the middle ear ossicles.^[4]

In other animals

In many animals some of these parts stay separate through life:

Squamosal: the squama including the zygomatic process
Tympanic bone: the tympanic part: this is derived from the angular bone of the reptilian lower jaw
Periotic bone: the petrous and mastoid parts
Two parts of the hyoid arch: the styloid process. In the dog these small bones are called tympanohyal (upper) and stylohyal (lower).

In evolutionary terms, the temporal bone is derived from the fusion of many bones that are often separate in non-human mammals:

The squamosal bone, which is homologous with the squama, and forms the side of the cranium in many bony fish and tetrapods. Primitively, it is a flattened plate-like bone, but in many animals it is narrower in form, for example, where it forms the boundary between the two temporal fenestrae of diapsid reptiles.^[5]
The petrous and mastoid parts of the temporal bone, which derive from the periotic bone, formed from the fusion of a number of bones surrounding the ear of reptiles. The delicate structure of the middle ear, unique to mammals, is generally not protected in marsupials, but in placentals, it is usually enclosed within a bony sheath called the auditory bulla. In many mammals this is a separate tympanic bone derived from the angular bone of the reptilian lower jaw, and, in some cases, it has an additional entotympanic bone. The auditory bulla is homologous with the tympanic part of the temporal bone.^[5]
Two parts of the hyoid arch: the styloid process. In the dog the styloid process is represented by a series of 4 articulating bones, from top down tympanohyal, stylohyal, epihyal, ceratohyal; the first two represent the styloid process, and the ceratohyal represents the anterior horns of the hyoid bone and articulates with the basihyal which represents the body of the hyoid bone.

Etymology

From Old French temporal "earthly" and directly from Latin tempus "time, proper time or season," of unknown origin.,^[6] temporal bones situated on the side of the skull, usually grey hairs appear in this region early on. Or it may relate to the pulsations of the underlying superficial temporal artery, marking the time we have left here. There is also a probable connection with the Greek verb temnion, to wound in battle. The skull is thin in this area and presents a vulnerable area for a blow from a battle ax.^[7]

Additional images

Position of temporal bone (green). Animation.
Shape of temporal bone (left).
Cranial bones.
Sphenoid and temporal bones

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

^ "SKULL ANATOMY - TEMPORAL BONE".
^ Temporal bone anatomy on CT 2012-12-22
^ Chaurasia, BD. Human Anatomy Volume 3 (Sixth ed.). CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt Ltd. pp. 41–43. ISBN 9788123923321.
^ PMID 9093676 (PubMed)
Citation will be completed automatically in a few minutes. Jump the queue or expand by hand
^ ^a ^b Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Colorado, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. XXX. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
^ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=temporal&searchmode=none
^ https://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/resources/etymology/Head.htm

External links

Anatomy diagram: 34256.000-1 at Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator, Elsevier

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

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English Journal

Evaluating apatite formation and osteogenic activity of electrospun composites for bone tissue engineering.

Patlolla A1, Arinzeh TL.Author information 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, 614 Fenster Hall, Newark, New Jersey, 07102-1982.AbstractSignificant interest has been in examining calcium phosphate ceramics, specifically β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) (Ca3 (PO4)2 ) and synthetic hydroxyapatite (HA) (Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)2 ), in composites and more recently, in fibrous composites formed using the electrospinning technique for bone tissue engineering applications. Calcium phosphate ceramics are sought because they can be bone bioactive, which means an apatite forms on their surface that facilitates bonding to bone tissue, and are osteoconductive. However, studies examining the bioactivity of electrospun composites containing calcium phosphates and their corresponding osteogenic activity have been limited. In this study, electrospun composites consisting of (20/80) HA/TCP nanoceramics and poly (ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL) were fabricated. Solvent and solvent combinations were evaluated to form scaffolds with a maximum concentration and dispersion of ceramic and pore sizes large enough for cell infiltration and tissue growth. PCL was dissolved in either methylene chloride (Composite-MC) or a combination of methylene chloride (80%) and dimethylformamide (20%; Composite-MC + DMF). Composites were evaluated in vitro for degradation, apatite formation, and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with an emphasis on temporal gene expression of osteogenic markers and the pluripotent gene Sox-2. Apatite formation and the osteogenic differentiation was the greatest for Composite-MC as determined by gene expression, protein production and biochemical markers, even without the presence of osteoinductive factors in the media, in comparison to Composite-MC + DMF and unfilled PCL mats. Sox-2 levels also reduced over time. The results of this study demonstrate that the solvent or solvent combination used in preparing the electrospun composite mats plays a critical role in determining their bioactivity which may, in turn, affect cell behavior. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 1000-1017. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biotechnology and bioengineering.Biotechnol Bioeng.2014 May;111(5):1000-17. doi: 10.1002/bit.25146. Epub 2013 Nov 22.
Significant interest has been in examining calcium phosphate ceramics, specifically β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) (Ca3 (PO4)2 ) and synthetic hydroxyapatite (HA) (Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)2 ), in composites and more recently, in fibrous composites formed using the electrospinning technique for bone tissue
PMID 24264603

Animal models for craniofacial reconstruction by stem/stromal cells.

Liu N, Lyu X, Fan H, Shi J, Hu J, Luo E1.Author information 1West China Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China. luoen521125@sina.com.AbstractThe craniofacial region contains a variety of specified tissues, including bones, muscles, cartilages, teeth, blood vessels and nerves. Infections, traumas, genetic, anatomical, or congenital abnormalities could cause tissue defects in the region. Craniofacial tissue engineering and regeneration remain challenging problems for oral and maxillofacial surgeons and scientists. Stem cells isolated from the bone marrow, adipose tissue, dental pulp, the deciduous tooth, or the periodontium were proven to play an important role in tissue regeneration including craniofacial bone defect regeneration, facial nerve regeneration, TMJ (temporal-mandibular joint) condylar cartilage regeneration, TMJ disc regeneration and teeth regeneration in massive studies. In the review, the animal models for craniofacial engineering and regeneration are discussed. Specifically the modalities of establishing a defect model and treatment of the defect with various stem cells in combination with different cytokines and biomaterials are included. The review could be used to choose an appropriate experimental model for specific tissue defect, or to design innovative, reproducible, discriminative experimental models in the future.
Current stem cell research & therapy.Curr Stem Cell Res Ther.2014 May;9(3):174-86.
The craniofacial region contains a variety of specified tissues, including bones, muscles, cartilages, teeth, blood vessels and nerves. Infections, traumas, genetic, anatomical, or congenital abnormalities could cause tissue defects in the region. Craniofacial tissue engineering and regeneration rem
PMID 24524796

Effect of cell-seeded hydroxyapatite scaffolds on rabbit radius bone regeneration.

Rathbone CR1, Guda T, Singleton BM, Oh DS, Appleford MR, Ong JL, Wenke JC.Author information 1Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Ft. Sam Houston, Texas.AbstractHighly porous hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds were developed as bone graft substitutes using a template coating process, characterized, and seeded with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). To test the hypothesis that cell-seeded HA scaffolds improve bone regeneration, HA scaffolds without cell seeding (HA-empty), HA scaffolds with 1.5 × 10(4) BMSCs (HA-low), and HA scaffolds with 1.5 × 10(6) BMSCs (HA-high) were implanted in a 10-mm rabbit radius segmental defect model for 4 and 8 weeks. Three different fluorochromes were administered at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after implantation to identify differences in temporal bone growth patterns. It was observed from fluorescence histomorphometry analyses that an increased rate of bone infiltration occurred from 0 to 2 weeks (p < 0.05) of implantation for the HA-high group (2.9 ± 0.5 mm) as compared with HA-empty (1.8 ± 0.8 mm) and HA-low (1.3 ± 0.2 mm) groups. No significant differences in bone formation within the scaffold or callus formation was observed between all groups after 4 weeks, with a significant increase in bone regenerated for all groups from 4 to 8 weeks (28.4% across groups). Although there was no difference in bone formation within scaffolds, callus formation was significantly higher in HA-empty scaffolds (100.9 ± 14.1 mm(3) ) when compared with HA-low (57.8 ± 7.3 mm(3) ; p ≤ 0.003) and HA-high (69.2 ± 10.4 mm(3) ; p ≤ 0.02) after 8 weeks. These data highlight the need for a better understanding of the parameters critical to the success of cell-seeded HA scaffolds for bone regeneration. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1458-1466, 2014.
Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.J Biomed Mater Res A.2014 May;102(5):1458-66. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.34834. Epub 2013 Jun 22.
Highly porous hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds were developed as bone graft substitutes using a template coating process, characterized, and seeded with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). To test the hypothesis that cell-seeded HA scaffolds improve bone regeneration, HA scaffolds witho
PMID 23776110

Japanese Journal

臨床顔面神経麻疹を契機に発見された小児急性骨髄性白血病例

生駒亮,荒井康裕,丹羽一友 [他]
耳鼻咽喉科臨床 105(9), 841-846, 2012-09
NAID 40019424294

臨床上咽頭癌放射線治療後に側頭骨壊死をきたした3例

大和谷崇,水田邦博,中西啓 [他]
耳鼻咽喉科臨床 105(9), 821-825, 2012-09
NAID 40019424218

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「側頭骨」「os temporale」
関連記事	「temporal」「bone」

「側頭骨」

Temporal bone
	Position of temporal bone (shown in green)
	Structure of temporal bone (left)
Details
Latin	Os temporale
Articulations	Occipital, parietal, sphenoid, mandible and zygomatic
Identifiers
Gray's	p.138
TA	A02.1.06.001
FMA	52737
	Anatomical terms of bone