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出血,(特に)大量出血 / 多量に出血する

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/20 15:52:29」(JST)

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(Top) A stress induced subconjunctival hemorrhage in the left eye one week after hemorrhaging. (Bottom) Same hemorrhage four weeks after hemorrhaging. Some of the blood in the sclera has turned yellow, like a bruise.

A subconjunctival hemorrhage (or subconjunctival haemorrhage) also known as hyposphagma, is bleeding underneath the conjunctiva. The conjunctiva contains many small, fragile blood vessels that are easily ruptured or broken. When this happens, blood leaks into the space between the conjunctiva and sclera.

Such a hemorrhage may be caused by a sudden or severe sneeze or cough, or due to hypertension or as a side effect of blood thinners.^[1] It may also be caused by heavy lifting, vomiting, or even rubbing one's eyes too roughly.^[2]^[3] In other cases, it may result from being choked or from straining due to constipation. Also, it can result as a minor post-operative complication in eye surgeries such as LASIK.

Whereas a bruise typically appears black or blue underneath the skin, a subconjunctival hemorrhage initially appears bright-red underneath the transparent conjunctiva. Later, the hemorrhage may spread and become green or yellow, like a bruise. Usually this disappears within 2 weeks.^[4]

Although its appearance may be alarming, in general a subconjunctival hemorrhage is a painless and harmless condition; however, it may be associated with high blood pressure, trauma to the eye, or a base of skull fracture if there is no posterior border of the hemorrhage visible.

Causes[edit]

Mask squeeze from diving and not equalizing your mask pressure during descent
Eye trauma
Congenital or acquired (coagulation disorder)
Head injury
Whooping cough or other extreme sneezing or coughing ^[1] ^[2]
Severe hypertension
LASIK
Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (caused by Enterovirus 70 or Coxsackie A virus)
Leptospirosis
Increased venous pressure (e.g., extreme g-force, straining, vomiting, choking, or coughing) ^[1] ^[2] ^[3]

Subconjunctival hemorrhages in infants may be associated with scurvy (a vitamin C deficiency),^[5]^[6] abuse or traumatic asphyxia syndrome.^[7]

Management[edit]

A subconjunctival hemorrhage is typically a self-limiting condition that requires no treatment in the absence of infection or significant trauma. The elective use of aspirin and NSAIDs is typically discouraged. Artificial tears may be applied four to six times a day.^[8]

References[edit]

Subconjunctival hemorrhage in the left eye 48 hours after hemorrhaging.

^ ^a ^b ^c "Subconjunctival hemorrhage". PubMed Health on the National Institutes of Health website. May 1, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Subconjunctival hemorrhage". Fit To Do website. May 1, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Subconjunctival hemorrhage". Disease.com. n.d. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
^ Robert H. Grahamn (February 2009). "Subconjunctival Hemorrhage". emedicine.com. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
^ "Möller-Barlow disease". whonamedit.com. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
^ Bruce M. Rothschild (December 17, 2008). "Scurvy". eMedicine.com. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
^ Spitzer S. G, Luorno J., Noël L. P. "Isolated subconjunctival hemorrhages in nonaccidental trauma". ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
^ Robert H. Grahamn (February 2009). "Subconjunctival Hemorrhage". emedicine.com. Retrieved 23 November 2010.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 眼の充血（red eye）の評価 evaluation of the red eye
2. 結膜損傷 conjunctival injury
3. 外傷性前房出血：臨床的特徴およびマネージメント traumatic hyphema clinical features and management
4. 上強膜炎 episcleritis
5. 新生児の評価 assessment of the newborn infant

English Journal

Bevacizumab in the Treatment of Pterygium: A Meta-Analysis.

Hu Q, Qiao Y, Nie X, Cheng X, Ma Y.Author information *Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; †Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China; and ‡Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, The Chongqing Cardiac Arrhythmias Service Center, Chongqing, China.AbstractPURPOSE:: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab in the treatment of pterygium and to mainly explore its effects on recurrence rate and complications.
Cornea.Cornea.2013 Dec 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PURPOSE:: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab in the treatment of pterygium and to mainly explore its effects on recurrence rate and complications.METHODS:: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register from the inception to July 20
PMID 24326333

Using a Collagen Matrix Implant (Ologen) Versus Mitomycin-C as a Wound Healing Modulator in Trabeculectomy With the Ex-PRESS Mini Glaucoma Device: A 12-Month Retrospective Review.

Johnson MS, Sarkisian SR Jr.Author information McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK.AbstractPURPOSE:: To compare outcomes between patients undergoing trabeculectomy with an Ex-PRESS mini glaucoma device using mitomycin-C (MMC) to those undergoing the same procedure using a subconjunctival collagen matrix implant (Ologen).
Journal of glaucoma.J Glaucoma.2013 Nov 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PURPOSE:: To compare outcomes between patients undergoing trabeculectomy with an Ex-PRESS mini glaucoma device using mitomycin-C (MMC) to those undergoing the same procedure using a subconjunctival collagen matrix implant (Ologen).MATERIALS AND METHODS:: All patients underwent a trabeculectomy using
PMID 24240882

Subconjunctival injection of low-molecular-weight heparin-taurocholate 7 inhibits corneal neovascularization.

Yoon SY, Kim JY, Kim ES, Kim SY, Kim MJ, Tchah H.Author information *Department of Ophthalmology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; †Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; and ‡Research Institute for Biomacromolecules, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.AbstractPURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of a subconjunctival injection of low-molecular-weight heparin-taurocholate 7 (LHT7) on corneal neovascularization (CoNV) in rats.
Cornea.Cornea.2013 Nov;32(11):1488-92. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0b013e3182a48009.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of a subconjunctival injection of low-molecular-weight heparin-taurocholate 7 (LHT7) on corneal neovascularization (CoNV) in rats.METHODS: Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each. Corneal centers were cauterized by the application
PMID 24055905

Japanese Journal

視覚系障害に注意を要する薬物療法

神経眼科 31(3), 320-325, 2014
NAID 130005057101

上方,水平,下方輪部のVogt柵の特徴と結膜下出血後の変化 (特集第66回日本臨床眼科学会講演集(3))

臨床眼科 67(5), 729-736, 2013-05
NAID 40019685071

結膜下出血

あたらしい眼科 = Journal of the eye 28(11), 1533-1537, 2011-11-30
NAID 10030233929

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「結膜下出血」
拡張検索	「neonatal subconjunctival hemorrhage」
関連記事	「hemorrhage」

「結膜下出血」

Subconjunctival hemorrhage
	Classification and external resources
	; Subconjunctival hemorrhage causing red coloration as result of ruptured blood vessel in the eye.
ICD-10	H11.3
ICD-9	372.72
MedlinePlus	001616
eMedicine	oph/270

　　[★]

英: subconjunctival hemorrhage
ラ: hyposphagma
同: 結膜出血 conjunctival hemorrhage　←　どうやら同義らしい; 眼球結膜出血、球結膜下出血

原因：特発性(中高年に多い)、外傷、凝固異常、急性出血性結膜炎、いきみ(強いいきみ、連続する咳き込み)、経腟分娩後の新生児(新生児眼球結膜下出血)
リスク因子：糖尿病、高血圧
1-2週間の自然経過で徐々に血液が吸収され治癒
治療の対象とならない。

国試

103A030

「neonatal subconjunctival hemorrhage」

　　[★] 新生児眼球結膜下出血

「hemorrhage」

　　[★]

n.

出血

関: bleeding

[NIH-1] "Subconjunctival hemorrhage". PubMed Health on the National Institutes of Health website. May 1, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2012.

[FTD-2] "Subconjunctival hemorrhage". Fit To Do website. May 1, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2012.

[Disease-3] "Subconjunctival hemorrhage". Disease.com. n.d. Retrieved October 15, 2012.

[4] Robert H. Grahamn (February 2009). "Subconjunctival Hemorrhage". emedicine.com. Retrieved 23 November 2010.

[5] "Möller-Barlow disease". whonamedit.com. Retrieved 23 November 2010.

[6] Bruce M. Rothschild (December 17, 2008). "Scurvy". eMedicine.com. Retrieved 23 November 2010.

[7] Spitzer S. G, Luorno J., Noël L. P. "Isolated subconjunctival hemorrhages in nonaccidental trauma". ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 23 November 2010.

[8] Robert H. Grahamn (February 2009). "Subconjunctival Hemorrhage". emedicine.com. Retrieved 23 November 2010.

匿名

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案内

案内

subconjunctival hemorrhage