結膜下出血
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/18 21:33:54」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
| Subconjunctival hemorrhage |
| Classification and external resources |
Subconjunctival hemorrhage causing red coloration as result of ruptured blood vessel in the eye. |
| ICD-10 |
H11.3 |
| ICD-9 |
372.72 |
| MedlinePlus |
001616 |
| eMedicine |
oph/270 |
(Top) A stress induced subconjunctival hemorrhage in the left eye one week after hemorrhaging. (Bottom) Same hemorrhage four weeks after hemorrhaging. Some of the blood in the sclera has turned yellow, like a bruise.
A subconjunctival hemorrhage (or subconjunctival haemorrhage) also known as hyposphagma, is bleeding underneath the conjunctiva. The conjunctiva contains many small, fragile blood vessels that are easily ruptured or broken. When this happens, blood leaks into the space between the conjunctiva and sclera.
Such a hemorrhage may be caused by a sudden or severe sneeze or cough, or due to hypertension or as a side effect of blood thinners.[1] It may also be caused by heavy lifting, vomiting, or even rubbing one's eyes too roughly.[2][3] In other cases, it may be due to: , from being choked, or from straining due to constipation. Also, it can result as a minor post-operative complication in eye surgeries such as LASIK.
Whereas a bruise typically appears black or blue underneath the skin, a subconjunctival hemorrhage initially appears bright-red underneath the transparent conjunctiva. Later, the hemorrhage may spread and become green or yellow, like a bruise. Usually this disappears within 2 weeks.[4]
Although its appearance may be alarming, in general a subconjunctival hemorrhage is a painless and harmless condition; however, it may be associated with high blood pressure, trauma to the eye, or a base of skull fracture if there is no posterior border of the hemorrhage visible.
Causes[edit]
- Eye trauma
- Congenital or acquired (coagulation disorder)
- Diving accidents - Mask squeeze (volume inside in mask creates increased pressure with increased depth)
- Head injury
- Whooping cough or other extreme sneezing or coughing [1] [2]
- Severe hypertension
- LASIK
- Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (caused by Enterovirus 70 or Coxsackie A virus)
- Leptospirosis
- Increased venous pressure (e.g., extreme g-force, straining, vomiting, choking, or coughing) [1] [2] [3]
Subconjunctival hemorrhages in infants may be associated with scurvy (a vitamin C deficiency),[5][6] abuse or traumatic asphyxia syndrome.[7]
Management[edit]
A subconjunctival hemorrhage is typically a self-limiting condition that requires no treatment in the absence of infection or significant trauma. The elective use of aspirin and NSAIDs is typically discouraged. Artificial tears may be applied four to six times a day.[8]
References[edit]
Subconjunctival hemorrhage in the left eye 48 hours after hemorrhaging.
- ^ a b c "Subconjunctival hemorrhage". PubMed Health on the National Institutes of Health website. May 1, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
- ^ a b c "Subconjunctival hemorrhage". Fit To Do website. May 1, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
- ^ a b "Subconjunctival hemorrhage". Disease.com. n.d. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
- ^ Robert H. Grahamn (February 2009). "Subconjunctival Hemorrhage". emedicine.com. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- ^ "Möller-Barlow disease". whonamedit.com. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- ^ Bruce M. Rothschild (December 17, 2008). "Scurvy". eMedicine.com. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- ^ Spitzer S. G, Luorno J., Noël L. P. "Isolated subconjunctival hemorrhages in nonaccidental trauma". ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- ^ Robert H. Grahamn (February 2009). "Subconjunctival Hemorrhage". emedicine.com. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
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Pathology: hemodynamics
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| Decreases |
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Thrombus/thrombosis
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Renal vein thrombosis
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Ischemia
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Brain ischemia · Ischaemic heart disease · Ischemic colitis/Mesenteric ischemia
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Infarction
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general: Anemic infarct · Hemorrhagic infarct
regional: Myocardial infarction · Cerebral infarction · Splenic infarction · Limb infarction
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| Increases |
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Hemorrhage
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general Bruise/Hematoma: Petechia · Purpura · Ecchymosis
regional: head (Epistaxis, Hemoptysis, Intracranial hemorrhage, Hyphema, Subconjunctival hemorrhage) · torso (Hemothorax, Hemopericardium, Pulmonary hematoma) · abdomen (Gastrointestinal bleeding, Haemobilia, Hemoperitoneum, Hematocele, Hematosalpinx ) · joint (Hemarthrosis)
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Edema
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general: Anasarca · Angioedema/Lymphedema · Exudate/Transudate
regional: Cerebral edema · Pulmonary edema · Hydrothorax · Ascites/hydroperitoneum · Hydrosalpinx
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Other
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Hyperemia
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English Journal
- Should central serous chorioretinopathy be added to the list of ocular side effects of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors?
- Aliferis K, Petropoulos IK, Farpour B, Matter MA, Safran AB.SourceDepartment of Ophthalmology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift für Augenheilkunde.Ophthalmologica.2012;227(2):85-9. doi: 10.1159/000333824. Epub 2011 Dec 7.
- INTRODUCTION: Rare cases of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) associated with the intake of sildenafil citrate have been reported, although CSC is not included in the list of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor side effects.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present a review of the literature and 2 cas
- PMID 22156704
- The transorbital keyhole approach: early and long-term outcome analysis of approach-related morbidity and cosmetic results. Technical note.
- Beseoglu K, Lodes S, Stummer W, Steiger HJ, Hänggi D.SourceDepartment of Neurosurgery, Universitätsklinik Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany. beseoglu@med.uni-duesseldorf.de
- Journal of neurosurgery.J Neurosurg.2011 Mar;114(3):852-6. Epub 2010 Oct 29.
- OBJECT: In 2003 the authors introduced a minimally invasive transorbital keyhole approach. Because this approach requires removal of the orbital rim and orbital roof, there have been concerns regarding perioperative morbidity, long-term morbidity, and cosmetic results. The authors evaluated approach
- PMID 21029037
Related Links
- Watch the video Hyposphagma is called the concentration of small amount of blood in the conjunctiva, which usually occurs after the rupture of a small vessel in the region. This is a situation which does not affect vision, however ...
- What exactly is hyposphagma and which are its main causes? Conjunctiva is the white layer of the eye. An extremely intense ruddiness (bleeding / abruption)
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- subconjunctival hemorrhage
- ラ
- hyposphagma
- 同
- 結膜出血 conjunctival hemorrhage ← どうやら同義らしい
- 眼球結膜出血、球結膜下出血
- 原因：特発性(中高年に多い)、外傷、凝固異常、急性出血性結膜炎、いきみ(強いいきみ、連続する咳き込み)、経腟分娩後の新生児(新生児眼球結膜下出血)
- リスク因子：糖尿病、高血圧
- 1-2週間の自然経過で徐々に血液が吸収され治癒
- 治療の対象とならない。
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