喀痰培養

WordNet

grow in a special preparation; "the biologist grows microorganisms"
(biology) the growing of microorganisms in a nutrient medium (such as gelatin or agar); "the culture of cells in a Petri dish"
the raising of plants or animals; "the culture of oysters"
a particular society at a particular time and place; "early Mayan civilization" (同)civilization, civilisation
the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization; "the developing drug culture"; "the reason that the agency is doomed to inaction has something to do with the FBI culture"
the tastes in art and manners that are favored by a social group

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『教養』;修養;教化 / 〈C〉〈U〉『文化』(主として精神面をさし,生活・習慣・物の考え方などを含む)Greek cultureギリシア文化 / 〈U〉(…の)『耕作』;『栽培』,養殖,培養《+『of』+『名』》
教養のある,洗練された,上品な / 栽培(養殖)された
つば,たん

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/06 22:10:48」(JST)

wiki en

A sputum culture is a test to detect and identify bacteria^[1] or fungi that infect the lungs or breathing passages. Sputum is a thick fluid produced in the lungs and in the adjacent airways. A sample of sputum is placed in a sterile container and sent to the laboratory for testing. Sampling may be performed by sputum being expectorated (produced by coughing), induced (saline is sprayed in the lungs to induce sputum production), or taken via an endotracheal tube with a protected specimen brush (commonly used on patients on respirators) in an intensive care setting. For selected organisms such as Cytomegalovirus or "Pneumocystis jiroveci" in specific clinical settings (immunocompromised patients) a bronchoalveolar lavage might be taken by an experienced pneumologist. If no bacteria or fungi grow, the culture is negative. If organisms that can cause the infection (Pathogenicity organisms) grow, the culture is positive. The type of bacterium or fungus is identified by microscopy, colony morphology and biochemical tests of bacterial growth.

If bacteria or fungi that can cause infection grow in the culture, other tests can determine which antimicrobial agent will most effectively treat the infection. This is called susceptibility or sensitivity testing.

In a hospital setting, a sputum culture is most commonly ordered if a patient has a pneumonia. The Infectious Diseases Society of America recommends that sputum cultures be done in pneumonia requiring hospitalization, while the American College of Chest Physicians does not. One reason for such a discrepancy is that normal, healthy lungs have bacteria, and sputum cultures collect both normal and pathogenic bacteria. However, pure cultures of common respiratory pathogens in the absence of upper respiratory flora combined with symptoms of respiratory distress provides strong evidence of the infectious agent, and its significance. Such pathogens include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and the highly infectious M tuberculosis, which are transmitted by inhaling aerosols. For this reason, laboratory processing of sputum for respiratory pathogens are performed with the aid of a biological safety cabinet.

References

^ D. Behera (10 September 2010). Textbook of Pulmonary Medicine. JP Medical Ltd. pp. 284–. ISBN 978-81-8448-749-7. Retrieved 3 April 2011.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 細菌性肺炎の評価のための喀痰培養 sputum cultures for the evaluation of bacterial pneumonia
2. 成人における市中肺炎に対する診断的アプローチ diagnostic approach to community acquired pneumonia in adults
3. 成人における気管支拡張症の治療 treatment of bronchiectasis in adults
4. HIV陰性患者における結核の診断 diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in hiv negative patients
5. HIV陰性患者の肺非結核性抗酸菌感染症の診断 diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections of the lungs in hiv negative patients

English Journal

Efficacy and safety of metronidazole for pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

Carroll MW, Jeon D, Mountz JM, Lee JD, Jeong YJ, Zia N, Lee M, Lee J, Via LE, Lee S, Eum SY, Lee SJ, Goldfeder LC, Cai Y, Jin B, Kim Y, Oh T, Chen RY, Dodd LE, Gu W, Dartois V, Park SK, Kim CT, Barry CE 3rd, Cho SN.SourceTuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2013 Aug;57(8):3903-9. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00753-13. Epub 2013 Jun 3.
Pulmonary lesions from active tuberculosis patients are thought to contain persistent, nonreplicating bacilli that arise from hypoxic stress. Metronidazole, approved for anaerobic infections, has antituberculosis activity against anoxic bacilli in vitro and in some animal models and may target persi
PMID 23733467

Epidemiology of isoniazid resistance mutations and their effect on tuberculosis treatment outcomes.

Huyen MN, Cobelens FG, Buu TN, Lan NT, Dung NH, Kremer K, Tiemersma EW, van Soolingen D.SourcePham Ngoc Thach Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2013 Aug;57(8):3620-7. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00077-13. Epub 2013 May 20.
Isoniazid resistance is highly prevalent in Vietnam. We investigated the molecular and epidemiological characteristics and the association with first-line treatment outcomes of the main isoniazid resistance mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in codon 315 of the katG and in the promoter region o
PMID 23689727

Isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide plasma concentrations in relation to treatment response in indonesian pulmonary tuberculosis patients.

Burhan E, Ruesen C, Ruslami R, Ginanjar A, Mangunnegoro H, Ascobat P, Donders R, van Crevel R, Aarnoutse R.SourceDepartment of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2013 Aug;57(8):3614-9. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02468-12. Epub 2013 May 20.
Numerous studies have reported low concentrations of antituberculosis drugs in tuberculosis (TB) patients, but few studies have examined whether low drug concentrations affect TB treatment response. We examined steady-state plasma concentrations of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide at 2 h after
PMID 23689725

Japanese Journal

頸部リンパ節結核9症例の検討

松本吉史,小柏靖直,甲能直幸
Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 117(3), 184-190, 2014
日本人の結核罹患率は人口10万人対21.0 (2010年) であり, 先進国と比較すると高く, 結核の中等度蔓延国といえる. また, 全結核症中における頸部リンパ節結核などの肺外結核症の比率は上昇傾向にある. 耳鼻咽喉科領域の結核症, 特に頸部リンパ節結核は肺外結核の中で胸膜炎の次に多い. 耳鼻咽喉科医が肺外結核症を診断する機会は決してまれではなく, 多彩な臨床像を呈することから診断に苦慮すること …
NAID 130003395300

Pediatric Pulmonary Tuberculoma with a Solid Pulmonary Nodule Detected on Chest Computed Tomography

Ushiki Atsuhito,Yamazaki Yoshitaka,Ideura Gen,Shinbo Takashi,Sugawara Mariko,Hama Mineyuki,Hanaoka Masayuki
Internal Medicine 53(8), 913-916, 2014
… A sputum smear of acid-fast bacilli was positive; … Six weeks later, a liquid culture examination for acid-fast bacilli was found to be positive and the acid-fast bacillus was identified as M. …
NAID 130003392779

Pneumonia and Empyema Caused by Streptococcus intermedius that Shows the Diagnostic Importance of Evaluating the Microbiota in the Lower Respiratory Tract

Noguchi Shingo,Yatera Kazuhiro,Kawanami Toshinori,Yamasaki Kei,Fukuda Kazumasa,Naito Keisuke,Akata Kentarou,Nagata Shuya,Ishimoto Hiroshi,Taniguchi Hatsumi,Mukae Hiroshi
Internal Medicine 53(1), 47-50, 2014
… However, the bacteria in this group are primarily oral resident bacteria and unable to grow significantly on ordinary aerobic culture media. … We experienced a case of pneumonia and empyema caused by Streptococcus intermedius detected using a 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and pleural effusion, but not sputum. …
NAID 130003383774