WordNet

(library science) the count of books that are loaned by a library over a specified period
movement through a circuit; especially the movement of blood through the heart and blood vessels
number of copies of a newspaper or magazine that are sold; "by increasing its circulation the newspaper hoped to increase its advertising"
the spread or transmission of something (as news or money) to a wider group or area
free movement or passage (as of cytoplasm within a cell or sap through a plant); "ocean circulation is an important part of global climate"; "a fan aids air circulation"
the dissemination of copies of periodicals (as newspapers or magazines)

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『血液の循環』,血行 / 〈U〉(貨幣の)流通;(情報・うわさなどの)流布伝達;(新聞・雑誌など,印刷物の)配布 / 〈C〉(新聞・雑誌などの)発行部数

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/28 00:27:04」(JST)

wiki en

In biology, an organ or viscus is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function.^[1] In anatomy, a viscus /ˈvɪskəs/ is an internal organ, and viscera is the plural form.^[2]^[3]

Organs are composed of main tissue, parenchyma, and "sporadic" tissues, stroma. The main tissue is that which is unique for the specific organ, such as the myocardium, the main tissue of the heart, while sporadic tissues include the nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues. Functionally related organs often cooperate to form whole organ systems. Organs exist in all higher biological organisms, in particular they are not restricted to animals, but can also be identified in plants. In single-cell organisms like bacteria, the functional analogue of an organ is called organelle.

A hollow organ is a visceral organ that forms a hollow tube or pouch, such as the stomach or intestine, or that includes a cavity, like the heart or urinary bladder.^{[citation needed]}

Organ systems

Two or more organs working together in the execution of a specific body function form an organ system, also called a biological system or body system. The functions of organ systems often share significant overlap. For instance, the nervous and endocrine system both operate via a shared organ, the hypothalamus. For this reason, the two systems are combined and studied as the neuroendocrine system. The same is true for the musculoskeletal system because of the relationship between the muscular and skeletal systems.

Mammals such as humans have a variety of organ systems. These specific systems are also widely studied in human anatomy.

Cardiovascular system: pumping and channeling blood to and from the body and lungs with heart, blood and blood vessels.
Digestive system: digestion and processing food with salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, colon, rectum and anus.
Endocrine system: communication within the body using hormones made by endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal body or pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroids and adrenals, i.e., adrenal glands.
Excretory system: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion of urine.
Lymphatic System: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream, the lymph and the nodes and vessels that transport it including the Immune system: defending against disease-causing agents with leukocytes, tonsils, adenoids, thymus and spleen.
Integumentary system: skin, hair and nails.
Muscular system: movement with muscles.
Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain, spinal cord and nerves.
Reproductive system: the sex organs, such as ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis.
Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm.
Skeletal system: structural support and protection with bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons.

Plants

The flower is the angiosperm's reproductive organ. This Hibiscus flower is hermaphroditic, and it contains stamen and pistils.

Strobilus of Equisetum telmateia.

The study of plant organs is referred to as plant morphology, rather than anatomy, as in animal systems. Organs of plants can be divided into vegetative and reproductive. Vegetative plant organs are roots, stems, and leaves. The reproductive organs are variable. In flowering plants, they are represented by the flower, seed and fruit. In conifers, the organ that bears the reproductive structures is called a cone. In other divisions (phyla) of plants, the reproductive organs are called strobili, in Lycopodiophyta, or simply gametophores in mosses.

The vegetative organs are essential for maintaining the life of a plant. While there can be 11 organ systems in animals, there are far fewer in plants, where some perform the vital functions, such as photosynthesis, while the reproductive organs are essential in reproduction. However, if there is asexual vegetative reproduction, the vegetative organs are those that create the new generation of plants (see clonal colony).

Other animals

The organ level of organisation in animals can be first detected in flatworms and the more advanced phyla. The less-advanced taxons (like Placozoa, Porifera and Radiata) do not show consolidation of their tissues into organs.

History

Human viscera

Etymology

The English word "organ" derives from the Latin organum, meaning instrument, itself from the Greek word organon, implement, musical instrument, or organ of the body. The Greek word is related to ergon, work.^[4] The viscera, when removed from a butchered animal, are known collectively as offal. Internal organs are also informally known as "guts" (which may also refer to the gastrointestinal tract), or more formally, "innards".

Aristotle used the word frequently in his philosophy, both to describe the organs of plants or animals (e.g. the roots of a tree, the heart or liver of an animal), and to describe more abstract "parts" of an interconnected whole (e.g. his philosophical works, taken as a whole, are referred to as the "organon").

The English word "organism" is a neologism coined in the 17th century, probably formed from the verb to organize. At first the word referred to an organization or social system. The meaning of a living animal or plant is first recorded in 1842.^[4] Plant organs are made from tissue built up from different types of tissue. When there are three or more organs it is called an organ system.^{[citation needed]}

The adjective visceral, also splanchnic, is used for anything pertaining to the internal organs. Historically, viscera of animals were examined by Roman pagan priests like the haruspices or the augurs in order to divine the future by their shape, dimensions or other factors. This practice remains an important ritual in some remote, tribal societies.^{[citation needed]}

The term "visceral" is contrasted with the term "parietal", meaning "of or relating to the wall of a body part, organ or cavity".^{[citation needed]} The two terms are often used in describing a membrane or piece of connective tissue, referring to the opposing sides.^{[citation needed]}

7 Vital Organs of Antiquity

Some alchemists (e.g. Paracelsus) adopted the Hermetic Qabalah assignment between the 7 vital organs and the 7 Classical planets as follows:^[5]

Planet	Organ
Sun	Heart
Moon	Brain
Mercury	Lungs
Venus	Kidneys
Mars	Gall bladder
Jupiter	Liver
Saturn	Spleen

References

^ Widmaier EP; Raff H; Strang KT (2014). Vander's Human Physiology (12th ed.). ISBN 978-0-07-128366-3. ^{[page needed]}
^ "Viscus - Definition". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
^ "Viscera". MeSH. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
^ ^a ^b Barnhart's Concise Dictionary of Etymology^{[page needed]}
^ Philip Ball, The Devil's Doctor: Paracelsus and the World of Renaissance Magic and Science, ISBN 978-0-09-945787-9^{[page needed]}

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 肝硬変患者における腹水の病因 pathogenesis of ascites in patients with cirrhosis
2. 急性腸間膜虚血 acute mesenteric ischemia
3. 肝腎症候群の診断および治療 diagnosis and treatment of hepatorenal syndrome
4. 敗血症性ショック：小児における迅速な覚知および初期蘇生 septic shock rapid recognition and initial resuscitation in children
5. 膝窩動脈瘤の手術および血管内修復 surgical and endovascular repair of popliteal artery aneurysm

English Journal

Is it tea time for portal hypertension?

Gracia-Sancho J, Bosch J.Author information *Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.AbstractPortal hypertension is the main complication of cirrhosis and represents a leading cause of death in patients with chronic liver disease. Therapeutic agents to improve portal hypertension should ameliorate the underlying mechanisms of portal hypertension: the elevated hepatic resistance and the hyperdynamic circulation. In the present issue of Clinical Science, Hsu and co-workers show the beneficial effects of GTPs (green tea polyphenols) in improving portal hypertension. Long-term administration of GTPs inhibited the development of cirrhosis and portal hypertension by decreasing both hepatic resistance and splanchnic hyperdynamic circulation. The main underlying mechanism of the benefits of GTPs appears related to the down-regulation of splanchnic angiogenesis. The present study adds further evidence supporting the potential of natural compounds for an effective nutriceutical approach to the treatment of patients with cirrhosis of the liver.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2014 May;126(9):631-2. doi: 10.1042/CS20130810.
Portal hypertension is the main complication of cirrhosis and represents a leading cause of death in patients with chronic liver disease. Therapeutic agents to improve portal hypertension should ameliorate the underlying mechanisms of portal hypertension: the elevated hepatic resistance and the hype
PMID 24354920

Green tea polyphenol decreases the severity of portosystemic collaterals and mesenteric angiogenesis in rats with liver cirrhosis.

Hsu SJ, Wang SS, Hsin IF, Lee FY, Huang HC, Huo TI, Lee WS, Lin HC, Lee SD.AbstractAbnormal angiogenesis in liver cirrhosis often leads to severe complications such as variceal haemorrhage and encephalopathy. Furthermore, splanchnic angiogenesis elevates portal pressure, in which angiogenic factors play pivotal roles. GTP (green tea polyphenol) extracted from Camellia sinensis has anti-angiogenic properties, but the effects on the parameters described above in cirrhosis have not been investigated. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of GTP in cirrhosis and to investigate the underlying mechanism. Liver cirrhosis was induced in Spraque-Dawley rats by common BDL (bile duct ligation). They randomly received GTP or DW (distilled water, vehicle) for 28 days, then haemodynamic parameters, portosystemic shunting, mesenteric window vascular density, intrahepatic angiogenesis, liver fibrosis, plasma VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) concentration, mesenteric angiogenic factor and receptor protein expression, and serum and mesenteric oxidative stress parameters were assessed. Compared with the DW group, GTP significantly decreased portosystemic shunting, liver fibrosis, intrahepatic angiogenesis, mesenteric window vascular density, VEGF concentration and down-regulated the mesenteric HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor)-1α, VEGF and phospho-Akt expression. In conclusion, GTP ameliorates the severity of portosystemic shunting and mesenteric angiogenesis via the suppression of HIF-1α, Akt activation and VEGF. GTP appears to be an appropriate agent in controlling portal hypertension-related complications via anti-angiogenesis.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2014 May;126(9):633-44. doi: 10.1042/CS20130215.
Abnormal angiogenesis in liver cirrhosis often leads to severe complications such as variceal haemorrhage and encephalopathy. Furthermore, splanchnic angiogenesis elevates portal pressure, in which angiogenic factors play pivotal roles. GTP (green tea polyphenol) extracted from Camellia sinensis has
PMID 24063570

Japanese Journal

Hepatic Nodules Associated with an Inferior Mesentric Arteriovenous Malformation

Takahashi Ken,Kashida Hiroshi,Kudo Masatoshi
Internal Medicine 51(19), 2753-2755, 2012
… Splanchnic arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a rare condition in which patients present with portal hypertension, which thus causes bleeding varices and ascites. … However, to our knowledge, hepatic nodules associated with splanchnic AVM have not yet been described. … This unique case not only extends the spectrum of hepatic nodules resulting from abnormal hepatic circulation, but also provides clues for better understanding the etiology of hepatic nodules. …
NAID 130002062050

Blood flow in non-muscle tissues and organs during exercise: Nature of splanchnic and ocular circulation

Hayashi Naoyuki,Yamaoka-Endo Masako,Someya Nami [他],Fukuba Yoshiyuki
The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 1(2), 281-286, 2012
… There is now evidence of a decrease in splanchnic blood flow with vasoconstriction during dynamic exercise, which indirectly contributes to an increase in flow in exercising muscles. … Hypoperfusion in the splanchnic area, induced by such vasoconstriction, may result in gastrointestinal symptoms. … The relevance of this phenomenon to visual function and the nature of ocular circulation remain unclear. …
NAID 130001930868

Related Pictures

The pathophysiology of arterial vasodilatation and hyperdynamic circulation in PPT - Unit Twelve: Gastrointestinal Physiology PowerPoint Presentation - ID:4496541 PPT - Gastrointestinal Physiology PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID:4778360 The Splanchnic Organs - Special Circulations - The Cardiovascular System - Medical splanchnic circulation - Google Search | Physiology, Circulation, Nurse Ultrasound Case 045 • LITFL • POCUS Self-Assessment Quiz PPT - Physiology Lecture 50 PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID:3292019 Modulation of splanchnic circulation: Role in perioperative management of liver