WordNet

the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect (同)endocrine, internal_secretion
a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland; promotes growth in humans (同)somatotrophin, somatotropic_hormone, somatotrophic_hormone, STH, human_growth_hormone, growth_hormone

PrepTutorEJDIC

ホルモン

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/11 20:35:11」(JST)

wiki en

Growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH), also known as growth hormone–releasing factor (GRF, GHRF), somatoliberin, and somatocrinin in its endogenous forms and as somatorelin (INN) in its pharmaceutical form, is a releasing hormone of growth hormone (GH). It is a 44^[1]-amino acid peptide hormone produced in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.

GHRH first appears in the human hypothalamus between 18 and 29 weeks of gestation, which corresponds to the start of production of growth hormone and other somatotropes in fetuses.^[1]

Origin

GHRH is released from neurosecretory nerve terminals of these arcuate neurons, and is carried by the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary gland, where it stimulates growth hormone (GH) secretion by stimulating the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor. GHRH is released in a pulsatile manner, stimulating similar pulsatile release of GH. In addition, GHRH also promotes slow-wave sleep directly.^[2] Growth hormone is required for normal postnatal growth, bone growth, regulatory effects on protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism.^[1]

Effect

GHRH stimulates GH production and release by binding to the GHRH Receptor (GHRHR) on cells in the anterior pituitary.

Receptor

The GHRHR is a member of the secretin family of G protein-coupled receptors, and is located on chromosome 7. This protein is transmembranous with seven folds, and its molecular weight is approximately 44 kD.^[1]

Signal transduction

GHRH binding to GHRHR results in increased GH production mainly by the cAMP-dependent pathway,^[3] but also by the phospholipase C pathway (IP₃/DAG pathway),^[1] and other minor pathways.^[1]

The cAMP-dependent pathway is initiated by the binding of GHRH to its receptor, causing receptor conformation that activates G_s alpha subunit of the closely associated G-Protein complex on the intracellular side. This results in stimulation of membrane-bound adenylyl cyclase and increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). cAMP binds to and activates the regulatory subunits of protein kinase A (PKA), allowing the free catalytic subunits to translocate to the nucleus and phosphorylate the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Phosphorylated CREB, together with its coactivators, p300 and CREB-binding protein (CBP) enhances the transcription of GH by binding to CREs cAMP-response elements in the promoter region of the GH gene. It also increases transcription of the GHRHR gene, providing positive feedback.^[1]

In the phospholipase C pathway, GHRH stimulates phospholipase C (PLC) through the βγ-complex of heterotrimeric G-proteins. PLC activation produces both diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP₃), the latter leading to release of intracellular Ca²⁺ from the endoplasmic reticulum, increasing cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration, resulting in vesicle fusion and release of secretory vesicles containing premade growth hormone.^[1]

Some Ca²⁺ influx is also a direct action of cAMP, which is distinct from the usual cAMP-dependent pathway of activating protein kinase A.^[1]

Activation of GHRHRs by GHRH also conveys opening of Na+ channels by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, causing cell depolarization. The resultant change in the intracellular voltage opens a voltage-dependent calcium channel, resulting in vesicle fusion and release of GH.^[1]

Relationship of GHRH and somatostatin

The actions of GHRH are opposed by somatostatin (growth-hormone-inhibiting hormone). Somatostatin is released from neurosecretory nerve terminals of periventricular somatostatin neurons, and is carried by the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal circulation to the anterior pituitary where it inhibits GH secretion. Somatostatin and GHRH are secreted in alternation, giving rise to the markedly pulsatile secretion of GH.

Other functions

GHRH expression has been demonstrated in peripheral cells and tissues outside its main site in the hypothalamus, for example, in the pancreas, epithelial mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract and, pathologically, in tumour cells.^[1]

Sequence

The amino acid sequence (44 long) of human GHRH is:

HO - Tyr - Ala - Asp - Ala - Ile - Phe - Thr - Asn - Ser - Tyr - Arg - Lys - Val - Leu - Gly - Gln - Leu - Ser - Ala - Arg - Lys - Leu - Leu - Gln - Asp - Ile - Met - Ser - Arg - Gln - Gln - Gly - Glu - Ser - Asn - Gln - Glu - Arg - Gly - Ala - Arg - Ala - Arg - Leu - NH₂

Analogs

Growth-hormone-releasing hormone is the lead compound for a number of structural and functional analogs, such as Pro-Pro-hGHRH(1-44)-Gly-Gly-Cys,^[4] CJC-1293,^[5] and CJC-1295.^[6]

Many GHRH analogs remain primarily research chemicals, although some have specific applications. Sermorelin, a functional peptide fragment of GHRH, has been used in the diagnosis of deficiencies in growth hormone secretion.^[7] Tesamorelin,^[8] under the trade name Egrifta, received U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval in 2010 for the treatment of lipodystrophy in HIV patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy,^[9] and, in 2011, was investigated for effects on certain cognitive tests in the elderly.^[10] As a category, the use of GHRH analogs by professional athletes may be prohibited by restrictions on doping in sport because they act as growth hormone secretagogues.^[11]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k GeneGlobe -> GHRH Signaling Retrieved on May 31, 2009
^ Obál F, Krueger J (2001). "The somatotropic axis and sleep.". Rev Neurol (Paris) 157 (11 Pt 2): S12–5. PMID 11924022.
^ Walter F., PhD. Boron (2003). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 1300. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.
^ Tang SS, Zhang JH, Du MH, Wu J, Liu JJ (2004). "Construction and activity of a novel GHRH analog, Pro-Pro-hGHRH(1-44)-Gly-Gly-Cys.". Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 25 (11): 1464–70. PMID 15525469.
^ Jetté L, Léger R, Thibaudeau K, Benquet C, Robitaille M, Pellerin I, Paradis V, van Wyk P, Pham K, Bridon DP (2005). "Human Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor (hGRF)1–29-Albumin Bioconjugates Activate the GRF Receptor on the Anterior Pituitary in Rats: Identification of CJC-1295 as a Long-Lasting GRF Analog". Endocrinology 146 (7): 3052–8. doi:10.1210/en.2004-1286. PMID 15817669.
^ Teichman, SL; et al. (2006). "Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 91 (3): 799–805. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1536.
^ Prakash A, Goa KL (August 1999). "Sermorelin: a review of its use in the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency". BioDrugs 12 (2): 139–57. doi:10.2165/00063030-199912020-00007. PMID 18031173.
^ Mauss, Stefan; Schmutz, GüNther (2001). "Das HIV-assoziierte Lipodystrophiesyndrom". Medizinische Klinik 96 (7): 391–401. doi:10.1007/PL00002220. PMID 11494914.
^ "FDA approves Egrifta to treat Lipodystrophy in HIV patients". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2010-11-10. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
^ Gever, John (2011-07-11). "ICAD: Tesamorelin Boosts Cognition in Elderly". MedPage Today. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
^ Koh, Benjamin and Hardie, Martin (2013-02-11). "We need an advocate against ASADA’s power in doping control". The Conversation. Retrieved 2013-09-13.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 成長ホルモンの生理学 physiology of growth hormone
2. 小児における成長ホルモン欠乏症の治療 treatment of growth hormone deficiency in children
3. 小児における成長ホルモン欠乏症の診断 diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in children
4. 過渡期における成長ホルモン治療 growth hormone treatment during the transition period
5. 成長ホルモン不感受性症候群 growth hormone insensitivity syndromes

English Journal

Genetic and protein biomarkers in blood for the improved detection of GH abuse.

Ferro P1, Ventura R2, Pérez-Mañá C3, Farré M4, Segura J5.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.J Pharm Biomed Anal.2016 Sep 5;128:111-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.022. Epub 2016 May 17.
Human Growth Hormone (hGH, somatotropin) is one of the relevant forbidden substances to be detected in sport drug testing. Since the appearance of recombinant hGH (rhGH) in the 80's, its expansion and availability through the black market have increased, so the detection of its abuse continues to be
PMID 27243825

Ghrelin protects infarcted myocardium by induction of autophagy and AMP-activated protein kinase pathway.

Yuan MJ1, Kong B2, Wang T3, Wang X2, Huang H2, Maghsoudi T3.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2016 Aug 5;476(4):365-70. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.128. Epub 2016 May 26.
The majority of studies have reported that enhancing autophagy in the myocardium is cardioprotective. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ghrelin, a growth hormone-releasing peptide, will protect infarcted myocardium by inducing of autophagy. Myocardial infarction was induced in mice by left coronar
PMID 27235554

Infectious diseases and immunological responses in adult subjects with lifetime untreated, congenital GH deficiency.

Campos VC1, Barrios MR2, Salvatori R3, de Almeida RP2, de Melo EV1, Nascimento AC1, de Jesus AR2, Aguiar-Oliveira MH1.
Endocrine.Endocrine.2016 Aug 3. [Epub ahead of print]
Growth hormone is important for the development and function of the immune system, but there is controversy on whether growth hormone deficiency is associated to immune disorders. A model of isolated growth hormone deficiency may clarify if the lack of growth hormone is associated with increased sus
PMID 27484773

「成長ホルモン放出ホルモン」

Growth hormone releasing hormone
Identifiers
Symbol	GHRH
Alt. symbols	GRF, GHRF
CAS number	9034-39-3
Entrez	2691
HUGO	4265
OMIM	139190
RefSeq	NM_021081
UniProt	P01286
Other data
Locus	Chr. 20 p12 or q11.2-q12

　　[★]

英: growth hormone-releasing hormone,growth hormone releasing hormone ,GHRH, GRH
同: ソマトトロピン放出ホルモン somatotropin-releasing hormone SRH、ソマトリベリン somatoliberin、成長ホルモン放出因子 growth hormone-releasing factor GRF
関: 成長ホルモン、視床下部ホルモン

「somatotropin」

　　[★] 成長ホルモン。ソマトトロピン　

[GeneGlobe-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k GeneGlobe -> GHRH Signaling Retrieved on May 31, 2009

[2] Obál F, Krueger J (2001). "The somatotropic axis and sleep.". Rev Neurol (Paris) 157 (11 Pt 2): S12–5. PMID 11924022.

[boron-3] Walter F., PhD. Boron (2003). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 1300. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.

[4] Tang SS, Zhang JH, Du MH, Wu J, Liu JJ (2004). "Construction and activity of a novel GHRH analog, Pro-Pro-hGHRH(1-44)-Gly-Gly-Cys.". Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 25 (11): 1464–70. PMID 15525469.

[Jette-5] Jetté L, Léger R, Thibaudeau K, Benquet C, Robitaille M, Pellerin I, Paradis V, van Wyk P, Pham K, Bridon DP (2005). "Human Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor (hGRF)1–29-Albumin Bioconjugates Activate the GRF Receptor on the Anterior Pituitary in Rats: Identification of CJC-1295 as a Long-Lasting GRF Analog". Endocrinology 146 (7): 3052–8. doi:10.1210/en.2004-1286. PMID 15817669.

[6] Teichman, SL; et al. (2006). "Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 91 (3): 799–805. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1536.

[pmid18031173-7] Prakash A, Goa KL (August 1999). "Sermorelin: a review of its use in the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency". BioDrugs 12 (2): 139–57. doi:10.2165/00063030-199912020-00007. PMID 18031173.

[8] Mauss, Stefan; Schmutz, GüNther (2001). "Das HIV-assoziierte Lipodystrophiesyndrom". Medizinische Klinik 96 (7): 391–401. doi:10.1007/PL00002220. PMID 11494914.

[9] "FDA approves Egrifta to treat Lipodystrophy in HIV patients". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2010-11-10. Retrieved 2013-09-13.

[10] Gever, John (2011-07-11). "ICAD: Tesamorelin Boosts Cognition in Elderly". MedPage Today. Retrieved 2013-09-13.

[11] Koh, Benjamin and Hardie, Martin (2013-02-11). "We need an advocate against ASADA’s power in doping control". The Conversation. Retrieved 2013-09-13.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

somatotropin-releasing hormone