同: SLT

WordNet

aromatic annual or perennial herbs and shrubs (同)tobacco plant
leaves of the tobacco plant dried and prepared for smoking or ingestion (同)baccy
emitting or containing little or no smoke; "smokeless factory stacks"; "smokeless fuel"; "a smokeless environment"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉『タバコの木』 / 〈U〉〈C〉『タバコの葉』 / 〈C〉(2を加工して製品にした)『たばこ』(紙巻きたばこ(cigarettes),葉巻(cigars),かきたばこ(snuff)など) / 〈U〉喫煙
(石炭・炉)などが)[ほとんど]煙の出ない,無煙の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/07/18 01:43:49」(JST)

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A historical depiction of a man taking snuff using his thumb and forefinger.

Dipping tobacco is placed directly in the mouth.

1894 Kinetoscope of Fred Ott taking a snuff and then sneezing, taken by Thomas Edison's laboratory.

Smokeless tobacco is tobacco or a tobacco product that is used by means other than smoking. These uses include chewing, sniffing, placing the product between the teeth and gum, or application to the skin. Smokeless tobacco products are produced in various forms, such as chewing tobacco, snuff, snus, and dissolvable tobacco products.^[1] It is highly addictive.^[2]

It is correlated with a number of adverse effects such as dental disease, oral cancer, oesophagus cancer, and pancreas cancer, as well as adverse reproductive effects including stillbirth, premature birth and low birth weight.^[2]

Types

Types of smokeless tobacco include:

Dipping tobacco, a type of tobacco that is placed between the lower or upper lip and gums
Chewing tobacco, a type of tobacco that is chewed
Iqmik, an Alaskan tobacco product which also contains punk ash
Snuff, a type of tobacco that is inhaled or "snuffed" into the nasal cavity
Snus, similar to dipping tobacco although the tobacco is placed under the upper lip and there is no need for spitting
Creamy snuff, a fluid tobacco mixture marketed as a dental hygiene aid, albeit used for recreation
Naswar, an Afghan tobacco product similar to dipping tobacco
Tobacco gum, a kind of chewing gum containing tobacco
Gutka, a mixture of tobacco, areca nut, and various flavoring sold in South Asia
Dissolvable tobacco, a variation on chewing tobacco that completely dissolves in the mouth
Toombak and shammah, preparations found in North Africa, East Africa, and the Arabian peninsula
Topical tobacco paste, a paste applied to the skin and absorbed through the dermis

Since there are varied manufacturing methods, products can differ greatly in chemical arrangement and nicotine level.^[3]

Prevalence

More than 300 million people are using smokeless tobacco worldwide.^[2]

Safety

Smokeless tobacco products vary extensively worldwide in both form and health hazards, with some evidently toxic forms such as from South Asia, and some forms with less hazards such as snus from Sweden.^[4] It is correlated with a number of adverse effects such as dental disease, oral cancer, oesophagus cancer, and pancreas cancer, as well as adverse reproductive effects including stillbirth, premature birth and low birth weight.^[2] A correlation was identified between smokeless tobacco and risk of fatal coronary artery disease and fatal stroke.^[2] Use of smokeless tobacco also seems to greatly raise the risk of non-fatal ischaemic heart disease among users in Asia, although not in Europe.^[2]

References

^ Czoli, Christine D; Fong, Geoffrey T; Mays, Darren; Hammond, David (2016). "How do consumers perceive differences in risk across nicotine products? A review of relative risk perceptions across smokeless tobacco, e-cigarettes, nicotine replacement therapy and combustible cigarettes". Tobacco Control: tobaccocontrol–2016–053060. ISSN 0964-4563. PMID 27625408. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053060.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Vidyasagaran, A. L.; Siddiqi, K.; Kanaan, M. (2016). "Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis". European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 23: 1970–1981. ISSN 2047-4873. PMID 27256827. doi:10.1177/2047487316654026.
^ Cervellin, Gianfranco; Borghi, Loris; Mattiuzzi, Camilla; Meschi, Tiziana; Favaloro, Emmanuel; Lippi, Giuseppe (2013). "E-Cigarettes and Cardiovascular Risk: Beyond Science and Mysticism". Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 40 (01): 060–065. ISSN 0094-6176. PMID 24343348. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1363468.
^ O'Connor, RJ (March 2012). "Non-cigarette tobacco products: what have we learnt and where are we headed?". Tobacco control. 21 (2): 181–90. PMC 3716250 . PMID 22345243. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050281.

UpToDate Contents

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1. タバコ使用のパターン patterns of tobacco use
2. ニコチンの心血管系への影響 cardiovascular effects of nicotine
3. 頭頸部癌に対する疫学および危険因子 epidemiology and risk factors for head and neck cancer
4. 成人における禁煙マネージメントの概要 overview of smoking cessation management in adults
5. 喫煙の心血管リスクおよび禁煙の利益 cardiovascular risk of smoking and benefits of smoking cessation

English Journal

First-year college students' interest in trying dissolvable tobacco products.

Wolfson M1, Pockey JR2, Reboussin BA3, Sutfin EL4, Egan KL4, Wagoner KG4, Spangler JG5.Author information 1Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States. Electronic address: mwolfson@wakehealth.edu.212 Oak Leaf Lane, West Chester, PA 19382, United States.3Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States.4Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States.5Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States.AbstractBACKGROUND: Dissolvable tobacco products (DTPs) have been introduced into test markets in the U.S. We sought to gauge the level of interest in trying these products and correlates of interest among potential consumers.
Drug and alcohol dependence.Drug Alcohol Depend.2014 Jan 1;134:309-13. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.10.025. Epub 2013 Nov 6.
BACKGROUND: Dissolvable tobacco products (DTPs) have been introduced into test markets in the U.S. We sought to gauge the level of interest in trying these products and correlates of interest among potential consumers.METHODS: A web-based survey of freshman at 11 universities in North Carolina and V
PMID 24309296

A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial of varenicline for smokeless tobacco dependence in India.

Jain R, Jhanjee S, Jain V, Gupta T, Mittal S, Goelz P, Wileyto EP, Schnoll RA.Author information National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India;AbstractINTRODUCTION: The rate of smokeless tobacco use in India is 20%; its use causes serious health problems, and no trial has assessed behavioral or pharmacological treatments for this public health concern. This trial evaluated varenicline for treating smokeless tobacco dependence in India.
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.Nicotine Tob Res.2014 Jan;16(1):50-7. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntt115. Epub 2013 Aug 14.
INTRODUCTION: The rate of smokeless tobacco use in India is 20%; its use causes serious health problems, and no trial has assessed behavioral or pharmacological treatments for this public health concern. This trial evaluated varenicline for treating smokeless tobacco dependence in India.METHODS: Thi
PMID 23946326

Market structures, socioeconomics, and tobacco usage patterns in madagascar.

Blecher E, Liber AC, Chaussard M, Fedewa S.Author information International Tobacco Control Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA;AbstractINTRODUCTION: The isolated island nation of Madagascar has substantial prevalence of both smoking and smokeless tobacco use, although not of dual use. Madagascar's tobacco market, much like its historical and cultural underpinnings, appears to have both Asian and African influences. Additionally, it has a unique market structure that plays an important role in influencing patterns of tobacco use. This study analyzes the determinants of smoking and smokeless tobacco use in Madagascar.
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.Nicotine Tob Res.2014 Jan;16 Suppl 1:S56-64. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntt020. Epub 2013 May 23.
INTRODUCTION: The isolated island nation of Madagascar has substantial prevalence of both smoking and smokeless tobacco use, although not of dual use. Madagascar's tobacco market, much like its historical and cultural underpinnings, appears to have both Asian and African influences. Additionally, it
PMID 23703733