スメグマ、恥垢

WordNet

a white secretion of the sebaceous glands of the foreskin

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/10/14 21:25:25」(JST)

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This article is about a secretion of mammalian genitals. For the substance that covers the skin of a baby at birth, see Vernix caseosa. For the experimental noise band, see Smegma (band).

Smegma (Greek smēgma, "soap"^[1]) is a combination of exfoliated (shed) epithelial cells, transudated skin oils, and moisture. It occurs in both female and male mammalian genitalia.

Human smegma

Both sexes can produce smegma. In males, smegma is produced and can collect under the foreskin; in females, it collects around the clitoris and in the folds of the labia minora.

Females

The accumulation of sebum combined with dead skin cells forms smegma. Smegma clitoridis is defined as the secretion of the apocrine glands of the clitoris, in combination with desquamating epithelial cells.^[2] Glands that are located around the clitoris and the vulva majoris secrete sebum. Contaminated, and retained smegma (smegmaliths) usually disappear when the cause is removed.^[3]

Males

Smegma can accumulate on a penis.

In males, smegma helps keep the glans moist and facilitates sexual intercourse by acting as a lubricant.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Smegma was originally thought to be produced by sebaceous glands near the frenulum called Tyson's glands; however, subsequent studies have failed to find these glands.^[7] Wright states that smegma is produced from minute microscopic protrusions of the mucosal surface of the foreskin and that living cells constantly grow towards the surface, undergo fatty degeneration, separate off, and form smegma.^[4] Parkash et al. found that smegma contains 26.6% fats and 13.3% proteins, which they judged to be consistent with necrotic epithelial debris.^[7] Newly produced smegma has a smooth, moist texture. It is thought to be rich in squalene^[8] and contain prostatic and seminal secretions, desquamated epithelial cells, and the mucin content of the urethral glands of Littré.^[6] Some state that it contains anti-bacterial enzymes such as lysozyme and hormones such as androsterone,^[5]^[6] though others dispute this.^[9]

According to Wright, little smegma is produced during childhood, although the foreskin may contain sebaceous glands. She also says that production of smegma increases from adolescence until sexual maturity when the function of smegma for lubrication assumes its full value, and from middle-age production starts to decline and in old age virtually no smegma is produced.^[4] Oster reported that the incidence of smegma increased from 1% among 6-7 and 8-9 year olds to 8% among 14-15 and 16-17 year olds (an overall incidence of 5%).^[10]

Other mammals

In healthy animals, smegma helps clean and lubricate the genitals. In veterinary medicine, analysis of this smegma is sometimes used for detection of urogenital tract pathogens, such as Tritrichomonas foetus.^[11] Accumulation of smegma in the equine preputial folds and the urethral fossa and urethral diverticulum can form large "beans" and promote the carriage of Taylorella equigenitalis, the causative agent of contagious equine metritis.^[12] Some equine veterinarians have recommended periodic cleaning of male genitals to improve the health of the animal.^[13]

Notes

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Smegma

^ "Websters dictionary definition for smegma". Mirriam-Webster. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/smegma. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
^ "Medical Dictionary". Medilexicon. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=82565.
^ C.F. McDonald, M.D. [1] "Circumcision of the Female"
^ ^a ^b ^c Wright, Joyce (September 1970). "How smegma serves the penis: Nature's assurance that the uncircumcised glans penis will function smoothly is provided by smegma.". Sexology (New York) 37 (2): 50–53. http://www.cirp.org/library/normal/wright1/.
^ ^a ^b Van Howe, RS; FM Hodges (October 2006). "The carcinogenicity of smegma: debunking a myth". Journal of the European academy of dermatology and venereology 20 (9): 1046–1054. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01653.x. PMID 16987256. http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/cancer/vanhowe2006.
^ ^a ^b ^c Fleiss, P.M.; F.M. Hodges, R.S. Van Howe (October 1998). "Immunological functions of the human prepuce". Sexually transmitted infections 74 (5): 364–367. doi:10.1136/sti.74.5.364. PMC 1758142. PMID 10195034. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1758142/.
^ ^a ^b Parkash, Satya; K. Jeyakumar, K. Subramanya, S. Chaudhuri (August 1973). "Human subpreputial collection: its nature and formation". Journal of urology 110 (2): 211–212. PMID 4722614. http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/parkash/.
^ O'Neill, H.J.; L.L. Gershbein (1976). "Lipids of human and equine smegma". Oncology 33 (4): 161–166. doi:10.1159/000225134. PMID 1018879.
^ Waskett JH, Morris BJ (January 2008). "Re: 'RS Van Howe, FM Hodges. The carcinogenicity of smegma: debunking a myth.' An example of myth and mythchief making?" (pdf). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 22 (1): 131; author reply 131–2. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02439.x. PMID 18182000. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/119407987/PDFSTART.
^ Oster J (April 1968). "Further fate of the foreskin. Incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys". Arch. Dis. Child. 43 (228): 200–3. doi:10.1136/adc.43.228.200. PMC 2019851. PMID 5689532. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2019851/.
^ Chen, X.G.; J. Li (2001). "Increasing the sensitivity of PCR detection in bovine preputial smegma spiked with Tritrichomonas foetus by the addition of agar and resin". Parasitol Res 87 (7): 556–558. doi:10.1007/s004360100401. PMID 11484853.
^ Primary Industries Ministerial Council of Australia and New Zealand (2002). Disease strategy: Contagious equine metritis (Version 1.0). In: Australian Veterinary Emergency Plan (AUSVETPLAN), Edition 3, PIMCANZ, Canberra, ACT.
^ Michael Lowder (September 1, 2001). "A Clean Sheath Is A Healthy Sheath". Horse City. Retrieved on September 4, 2008.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 包皮非切除者の陰茎のケア care of the uncircumcised penis
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3. 陰茎癌：疫学、危険因子、病期分類、および予後 carcinoma of the penis epidemiology risk factors staging and prognosis
4. 小児における亀頭包皮炎：疫学および病因 balanoposthitis in children epidemiology and pathogenesis
5. 嵌頓包茎：定義、病態生理、および臨床的特徴 paraphimosis definition pathophysiology and clinical features

English Journal

High prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in Asturiana de la Montaña beef cattle kept in extensive conditions in Northern Spain.

Mendoza-Ibarra JA, Pedraza-Díaz S, García-Peña FJ, Rojo-Montejo S, Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria JA, San Miguel-Ibáñez E, Navarro-Lozano V, Ortega-Mora LM, Osoro K, Collantes-Fernandez E.SourceSALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997).Vet J.2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
Bovine trichomonosis (BT) and bovine genital campylobacteriosis (BGC) are sexually transmitted diseases that can be important infectious causes of reproductive failure in extensively managed beef cattle where natural mating is a common practice. However, their prevalence in Europe was thought to be
PMID 22178360

Microbiology of Smegma in Boys in Kano, Nigeria.

Chukwuemeka Anyanwu LJ, Kashibu E, Edwin CP, Mohammad AM.SourcePediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Bayero University Kano and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
The Journal of surgical research.J Surg Res.2011 Jul 29. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is to document the common bacteria found in the smegma in the subpreputial space of asymptomatic boys in our environment, their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and to determine if they differ from those commonly isolated from children with established ur
PMID 21872267

[Acceptability of male circumcision among male miners in Baise of Guangxi].

Luo H, Liang X, Chen J, Yang XB, Jiang JJ, Deng W, Zou YF, Wei B, Zhang ZY, Liu ZH, Liang H.SourceCenter for AIDS Research and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan xue bao. Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae.Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao.2011 Jun;33(3):313-7.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the acceptability of male circumcision among male miners in Baise, Guangxi, China.METHODS: A questionnaire-based survey on the willingness to be circumcised (WTC) and its influential factors were conducted among Guangxi male miners recruited by random cluster sampling.RESUL
PMID 21718616

Japanese Journal

Mycoplasma lagogenitalium sp. nov., from the preputial smegma of Afghan pikas (Ochotona rufescens rufescens).

KOBAYASHI H.
Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47, 1208-1211, 1997
NAID 80009947566

非病原性抗酸菌に関する研究-2-

越智勇一 [他],佐藤平二
日本細菌学雑誌 17(1), 14-19, 1962
… a previous study, a total of 72 strains of non-pathogenic acid-fast bacilli isolated from bovine, porcine, human sputum, human smegma, human leprous lesion, leprous rat, guinea-pig and saprophytes were investigated for their morphology in an attempt to classify these strains.<BR>The present study was undertaken to investigate the biological characteristics of the 72 strains with special reference to their cultural characteristics, sensitivity to dyes, survival at 60°C, growth in various temperatures, decolorization by boiling water, neutral red …
NAID 130001381453