英: simian immunodeficiency virus, SIV

WordNet

a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus
relating to or resembling an ape; "simian features"
an ape or monkey
immunological disorder in which some part of the bodys immune system is inadequate and resistance to infectious diseases is reduced

PrepTutorEJDIC

ビールス,ろ過性病原体
類人猿の,猿のような / 類人猿,猿

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/11/13 20:04:36」(JST)

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Diagrammatical representation of the molecular structure of protein registered with 1k6c code.

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), also known as African Green Monkey virus, is a retrovirus able to infect at least 33 species of African primates.^[1]^[2] Based on analysis of strains found in four species of monkeys from Bioko Island, which was isolated from the mainland by rising sea levels about 11,000 years ago, it has been concluded that SIV has been present in monkeys and apes for at least 32,000 years, and probably much longer.^[3]^[4]

Virus strains from two of these primate species, SIVsmm in sooty mangabeys and SIVcpz in chimpanzees, are believed to have crossed the species barrier into humans, resulting in HIV-2 and HIV-1, respectively. The most likely route of transmission of HIV-1 to humans involves contact with the blood of chimps that are often hunted for bushmeat in Africa.^[3]

Unlike HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in humans, SIV infections in their natural hosts appear in many cases to be non-pathogenic. Extensive studies in sooty mangabeys have established that SIVsmm infection does not cause any disease in these animals, despite high levels of circulating virus. However, if this virus infects an Asian or Indian rhesus macaque, the animal will develop simian AIDS (SAIDS).^[5] A recent study of SIVcpz in wild living chimpanzees suggests that infected chimpanzees experience an AIDS-like illness similar to HIV-1 infected humans. The later stages of SIV infection turn into SAIDS, much as human HIV infection turns into AIDS.

History

Immunodeficiency resembling human AIDS was reported in captive monkeys in the United States beginning in 1983.^[6]^[7]^[8] SIV was isolated in 1985 from some of these animals, captive rhesus macaques suffering from simian AIDS (SAIDS).^[7] The discovery of SIV was made shortly after HIV-1 had been isolated as the cause of AIDS and led to the discovery of HIV-2 strains in West Africa. HIV-2 was more similar to the then-known SIV strains than to HIV-1, suggesting for the first time the simian origin of HIV. Further studies indicated that HIV-2 is derived from the SIVsmm strain found in sooty mangabeys, whereas HIV-1, the predominant virus found in humans, is derived from SIV strains infecting chimpanzees (SIVcpz).

Tropism

Differences in species specificity of SIV and related retroviruses may be partly explained by variants of the protein TRIM5α in humans and non-human primate species. This intracellular protein recognizes the capsid of various retroviruses and blocks their reproduction. Other proteins such as APOBEC3G/3F may also be important in restricting cross-species transmission.

Research

SHIV, a virus combining parts of the HIV and SIV genomes, was created for research purposes.

Beatrice Hahn of the University of Pennsylvania recently led a team of researchers to find that chimpanzees do die from simian AIDS in the wild and that the AIDS outbreak in Africa has contributed to the decline of chimpanzee populations. Testing wild chimpanzees, researchers detected organ and tissue damage similar to late-stage human AIDS. The infected chimpanzees had a 10 to 16 times greater risk of dying than uninfected ones; infected females were less likely to give birth, could pass the virus to their infants, and had a higher infant mortality rate than uninfected females.^[9]^[10]

The ICTVdB code of SIV is 61.0.6.5.003.^[11]

In 2010, researchers reported that SIV had infected monkeys in Bioko for at least 32,000 years. Based on molecular clock analyses of sequences, it was previously thought by many that SIV infection in monkeys had happened over the past few hundred years.^[12] Scientists estimated that it would take a similar amount of time before humans would adapt naturally to HIV infection in the way monkeys in Africa have adapted to SIV and not suffer any harm from the infection.^[13]

In 2012, researchers reported that initial infection of Rhesus monkeys by neutralization-resistant SIV strains^[14] could be partially prevented through use of an anti-SIV_SME543 vaccine obligately including Env protein antigens.^[15]

References

^ Peeters, M.; Courgnaud, V.; Abela, B. (2001). "Genetic Diversity of Lentiviruses in Non-Human Primates". AIDS Reviews 3: 3–10. http://www.aidsreviews.com/audita.asp?d=2001_3_1_3_10.pdf&t=D&w=/n.asp&q=any=2001&vol=3&num=1. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
^ Peeters, M.; Courgnaud, V. (2002). "Overview of Primate Lentiviruses and their Evolution in Non-human Primates in Africa". In C. Kuiken, B. Foley, E. Freed, B. Hahn, B. Korber, P. A. Marx, F. E. McCutchan, J. W. Mellors, and S. Wolinsky. HIV sequence compendium. Los Alamos, NM: Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory. pp. 2–23. http://hcv.lanl.gov/content/sequence/HIV/COMPENDIUM/2002/partI/Peeters.pdf. Retrieved 2010-09-19
^ ^a ^b Donald G. McNeil, Jr. (September 16, 2010). "Precursor to H.I.V. Was in Monkeys for Millennia". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/17/health/17aids.html?_r=1&src=me&ref=general. Retrieved 2010-09-17. "In a discovery that sheds new light on the history of AIDS, scientists have found evidence that the ancestor to the virus that causes the disease has been in monkeys and apes for at least 32,000 years — not just a few hundred years, as had been previously thought. ... That means humans have presumably been exposed many times to S.I.V., the simian immunodeficiency virus, because people have been hunting monkeys for millenniums, risking infection every time they butcher one for food."
^ Worobey, Michael; Telfer, Paul; Souquière, Sandrine; Hunter, Meredith; Coleman, Clint A.; Metzger, Michael J.; Reed, Patricia; Makuwa, Maria et al. (2010). "Island Biogeography Reveals the Deep History of SIV". Science 329 (5998): 1487. Bibcode 2010Sci...329.1487W. doi:10.1126/science.1193550. PMID 20847261.
^ Kestler, H.; Kodama, T.; Ringler, D.; Marthas, M.; Pedersen, N.; Lackner, A.; Regier, D.; Sehgal, P. et al. (1990). "Induction of AIDS in rhesus monkeys by molecularly cloned simian immunodeficiency virus". Science 248 (4959): 1109–1112. doi:10.1126/science.2160735. PMID 2160735. edit
^ Letvin, N.; Eaton, K.; Aldrich, W.; Sehgal, P.; Blake, B.; Schlossman, S.; King, N.; Hunt, R. (1983). "Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a colony of macaque monkeys". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 80 (9): 2718–2722. Bibcode 1983PNAS...80.2718L. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.9.2718. PMC 393899. PMID 6221343. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC393899/. edit
^ ^a ^b Daniel, M. D.; Letvin, N. L.; King, N. W.; Kannagi, M.; Sehgal, P. K.; Hunt, R. D.; Kanki, P. J.; Essex, M. et al. (1985). "Isolation of T-cell tropic HTLV-III-like retrovirus from macaques". Science 228 (4704): 1201–1204. Bibcode 1985Sci...228.1201D. doi:10.1126/science.3159089. PMID 3159089. edit
^ King, N. W.; Hunt, R. D.; Letvin, N. L. (1983). "Histopathologic changes in macaques with an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)". The American journal of pathology 113 (3): 382–388. PMC 1916356. PMID 6316791. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1916356/. edit
^ Chimpanzees Do Die From Simian AIDS, Study Finds by Lawrence K. Altman Chimpanzees Do Die from Simian AIDS, Study Finds
^ Jonathan L. Heeney; Angus G. Dalgleish; Robin A. Weiss (July 2006). "Origins of HIV and the evolution of resistance to AIDS". Science 313 (5786): 462–466. Bibcode 2006Sci...313..462H. doi:10.1126/science.1123016. PMID 16873637. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/313/5786/462.pdf.
^ ICTV database entry: 61.0.6.5.003
^ McNeil Jr, Donald (17 September 2010). "Precursor to H.I.V. Was in Monkeys for Millenniums". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/17/health/17aids.html. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
^ "HIV precursor in monkeys ancient: study". CBC News. 17 September 2010. http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2010/09/16/hiv-monkeys-siv-age.html. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
^ "Neutralization-resistant" refers to strains which are not able to be neutralized by the native immune response due to compensating mutation; see HIV-1 related information.
^ Barouch, Dan H.; et al. (25 additional authors) (4 Jan 2012), "Vaccine protection against acquisition of neutralization-resistant SIV challenges in rhesus monkeys", Nature, Bibcode 2012Natur.482...89B, doi:10.1038/nature10766, http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10766.html, retrieved 6 Jan 2012. Lay summary available from Bloomberg at "J&J AIDS Vaccine Protects Monkeys in Study as Testing in Humans Begins", published 4 Jan 2012.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) protease

Description of SIV, including links to subspecies and sequence data, from the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
NIH Taxonomy Browser entry for SIV, access to sequence data and published articles

Peeters et al.: "Risk to Human Health from a Plethora of Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses in Primate Bushmeat", Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 8, No 5, May 2002. Contains a picture of the relationship among the various SIV/HIV strains.
"HIV origin 'found in wild chimps'" BBC News article

UpToDate Contents

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1. 世界的なヒト免疫不全ウイルスの大流行 the global human immunodeficiency virus pandemic
2. 原発性免疫不全症における悪性腫瘍 malignancy in primary immunodeficiency
3. 非ホジキンリンパ腫の病理の概要 overview of the pathobiology of the non hodgkin lymphomas
4. 免疫不全症の内科的マネージメント medical management of immunodeficiency
5. 原発性免疫不全症における免疫グロブリン療法 immune globulin therapy in primary immunodeficiency

English Journal

Early SIV Dissemination After Intrarectal SIVmac251 Challenge Was Associated With Proliferating Virus-Susceptible Cells in the Colorectum.

Sui Y1, Lee EM, Wang Y, Hogg A, Frey B, Venzon D, Pal R, Berzofsky JA.
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999).J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2016 Apr 1;71(4):353-8. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000890.
OBJECTIVE: Few studies have examined the eclipse time of simian immunodeficiency virus/HIV infection through the anal route. We aimed to measure the eclipse time after SIVmac251 intrarectal inoculation, and to investigate the factor(s) associated with early dissemination.DESIGN: Forty macaques were
PMID 26545123

Immune activation in HIV infection: what can the natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus teach us?

Ploquin MJ1, Silvestri G, Müller-Trutwin M.
Current opinion in HIV and AIDS.Curr Opin HIV AIDS.2016 Mar;11(2):201-8. doi: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000238.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The review summarizes studies in natural hosts, with a particular focus on the control of immune activation and new insights into viral reservoirs. We discuss why these findings are relevant for HIV research today.RECENT FINDINGS: AIDS resistance in natural hosts is characterized
PMID 26845673

Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) Promotes Neuroimmune-Modulatory MicroRNA Profile in Striatum of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-Infected Macaques.

Simon L1, Song K2, Vande Stouwe C2, Hollenbach A3, Amedee A4, Mohan M5, Winsauer P6, Molina P7.
Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology.J Neuroimmune Pharmacol.2016 Mar;11(1):192-213. doi: 10.1007/s11481-015-9645-6. Epub 2015 Nov 25.
Cannabinoid administration before and after simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-inoculation ameliorated disease progression and decreased inflammation in male rhesus macaques. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) did not increase viral load in brain tissue or produce additive neuropsychological impair
PMID 26607731

Japanese Journal

Genetic similarity of circulating and small intestinal virus at the end stage of acute pathogenic simian-human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Matsuyama-Murata Megumi,Inaba Katsuhisa,Horiuchi Reii,Fukazawa Yoshinori,Ibuki Kentaro,Hayami Masanori,Miura Tomoyuki
Frontiers in microbiology 4, 2013-07-22
… To understand the pathogenicity of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), it is important to clarify where, when and how the virus replicates in the body of infected individuals. … To identify the major virus replication site at the end stage of SHIV infection, we investigated the systemic tissues of SHIV-infected monkeys that developed AIDS-like disease. …
NAID 120005465604

No Viral Evolution in the Lymph Nodes of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques during Combined Antiretroviral Therapy.

Oue Megu,Sakabe Saori,Horiike Mariko,Yasui Mika,Miura Tomoyuki,Igarashi Tatsuhiko
Journal of virology 87(8), 4789-4793, 2013-04
… To elucidate the mode of viral persistence in primate lentivirus-infected individuals during combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), four simian immunodeficiency virus 239-infected monkeys were treated with cART for 1 year. …
NAID 120005244413

Generation of a replication-competent chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus carrying env from subtype C clinical isolate through intracellular homologous recombination.

Fujita Yasuhisa,Otsuki Hiroyuki,Watanabe Yuji,Yasui Mika,Kobayashi Takeshi,Miura Tomoyuki,Igarashi Tatsuhiko
Virology 436(1), 100-111, 2013-02-05
… A new simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), carrying env from an uncloned HIV-1 subtype C clinical isolate (97ZA012), was generated through intracellular homologous recombination, a DNA repair mechanism of the host cell. … Animal-to-animal passage was shown to be a promising measure for further adaptation of the virus in monkeys. …
NAID 120005434974