WordNet

small mouselike mammal with a long snout; related to moles (同)shrewmouse
a scolding nagging bad-tempered woman (同)termagant
North American shrew with tail less than half its body length (同)Blarina brevicauda
commonest shrew of moist habitats in North America (同)Sorex cinereus
slender mole having a long snout and tail

PrepTutorEJDIC

トガリネズミ(ネズミに似て長くとがった鼻のある哺(ほ)乳動物) / 口やかましい女
(実際的な事柄に)『鋭い』,抜け目のない;洞察力のある

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/01/30 01:30:33」(JST)

wiki en

A shrew or shrew mouse (family Soricidae) is a small mole-like mammal classified in the order Eulipotyphla. True shrews are also not to be confused with West Indies shrews, treeshrews, otter shrews, or elephant shrews, which belong to different families or orders.

Although its external appearance is generally that of a long-nosed mouse, a shrew is not a rodent, as mice are. It is in fact a much closer relative of moles, and related to rodents only in that both belong to the Boreoeutheria Magnorder. Shrews have sharp, spike-like teeth, not the familiar gnawing front incisor teeth of rodents.

Shrews are distributed almost worldwide: of the major tropical and temperate land masses, only New Guinea, Australia, and New Zealand do not have any native shrews; in South America, shrews are relatively recent immigrants and are present only in the northern Andes. In terms of species diversity, the shrew family is the fourth most successful mammal family, being rivalled only by the muroid rodent families Muridae and Cricetidae and the bat family Vespertilionidae.

Characteristics

All shrews are comparatively small, most no larger than a mouse. The largest species is the Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus) of tropical Asia, which is about 15 cm long and weighs around 100 g;^[2] several are very small, notably the Etruscan shrew (Suncus etruscus), which at about 3.5 cm (1.4 in) and 2 g (0.071 oz) is the smallest living terrestrial mammal.

Water shrew skeleton

In general, shrews are terrestrial creatures that forage for seeds, insects, nuts, worms, and a variety of other foods in leaf litter and dense vegetation, but some specialise in climbing trees, living underground, living under snow, or even hunting in water. They have small eyes and generally poor vision, but have excellent senses of hearing and smell.^[3] They are very active animals, with voracious appetites. Shrews have unusually high metabolic rates, above that expected in comparable small mammals.^[4] Shrews in captivity can eat 1/2 to 2 times their own body weight in food daily.^[5]

They do not hibernate, but are capable of entering torpor. In winter, many species undergo morphological changes that drastically reduce their body weight. Shrews can lose between 30% and 50% of their body weight, shrinking the size of bones, skull, and internal organs.^[6]

Whereas rodents have gnawing incisors that grow throughout life, the teeth of shrews wear down throughout life, a problem made more extreme because they lose their milk teeth before birth, so have only one set of teeth throughout their lifetimes. Apart from the first pair of incisors, which are long and sharp, and the chewing molars at the back of the mouth, the teeth of shrews are small and peg-like, and may be reduced in number. The dental formula of shrews is:3.1.1-3.31-2.0-1.1.3

Shrews are fiercely territorial, driving off rivals, and only coming together to mate. Many species dig burrows for caching food and hiding from predators, although this is not universal.^[3]

Female shrews can have up to 10 litters a year; in the tropics, they breed all year round; in temperate zones, they only stop breeding in the winter. Shrews have gestation periods of 17–32 days. The female often becomes pregnant within a day or so of giving birth, and lactates during her pregnancy, weaning one litter as the next is born.^[3] Shrews live 12 to 30 months.^[7]

Shrews are unusual among mammals in a number of respects. Unlike most mammals, some species of shrews are venomous. Shrew venom is not conducted into the wound by fangs, but by grooves in the teeth. The venom contains various compounds, and the contents of the venom glands of the American short-tailed shrew are sufficient to kill 200 mice by intravenous injection. One chemical extracted from shrew venom may be potentially useful in the treatment of high blood pressure, while another compound may be useful in the treatment of some neuromuscular diseases and migraines.^[8] The saliva of the northern short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) contains soricidin, a peptide which has been studied for use in treating ovarian cancer.^[9] Also, along with the bats and toothed whales, some species of shrews use echolocation. Unlike most other mammals, shrews lack zygomatic bones (also called the jugals), so have incomplete zygomatic arches.

Echolocation

The northern short-tailed shrew is known to echolocate.

The only terrestrial mammals known to echolocate are two genera (Sorex and Blarina) of shrews, the tenrecs of Madagascar, and the solenodons.^{[citation needed]} These include the Eurasian or common shrew (Sorex araneus) and the American vagrant shrew (Sorex vagrans) and northern short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda). These shrews emit series of ultrasonic squeaks.^[10]^[11] By nature the shrew sounds, unlike those of bats, are low-amplitude, broadband, multiharmonic, and frequency modulated.^[11] They contain no "echolocation clicks" with reverberations and would seem to be used for simple, close-range spatial orientation. In contrast to bats, shrews use echolocation only to investigate their habitats rather than additionally to pinpoint food.^[11]

Except for large and thus strongly reflecting objects, such as a big stone or tree trunk, they probably are not able to disentangle echo scenes, but rather derive information on habitat type from the overall call reverberations. This might be comparable to human hearing whether one calls into a beech forest or into a reverberant wine cellar.^[11]

Classification

The 385 shrew species are in 26 genera,^[12] which are grouped into three living subfamilies: Crocidurinae (white-toothed shrews), Myosoricinae (African shrews) and Soricinae (red-toothed shrews). In addition, the family contains the extinct subfamilies Limnoecinae, Crocidosoricinae, Allosoricinae and Heterosoricinae (although Heterosoricinae is also commonly considered a separate family).

Family Soricidae
- Subfamily Crocidurinae
  - Crocidura
  - Diplomesodon
  - Feroculus
  - Paracrocidura
  - Ruwenzorisorex
  - Scutisorex
  - Solisorex
  - Suncus
  - Sylvisorex
- Subfamily Myosoricinae
  - Congosorex
  - Myosorex
  - Surdisorex
- Subfamily Soricinae
  - Tribe Anourosoricini
    - Anourosorex
  - Tribe Blarinellini
    - Blarinella
  - Tribe Blarinini
    - Blarina
    - Cryptotis
  - Tribe Nectogalini
    - Chimarrogale
    - Chodsigoa
    - Episoriculus
    - Nectogale
    - Neomys
    - †Nesiotites
    - Soriculus
  - Tribe Notiosoricini
    - Megasorex
    - Notiosorex
  - Tribe Soricini
    - Sorex

References

^ Hutterer, R. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 223–300. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Louch, C.D.; Ghosh, A.K. & Pal, B.C. (1966). "Seasonal Changes in Weight and Reproductive Activity of Suncus murinus in West Bengal, India". Journal of Mammalogy 47 (1): 73–78. JSTOR 1378070
^ ^a ^b ^c Barnard, Christopher J. (1984). Macdonald, D., ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 758–763. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
^ William, J.; Platt, W. J. (1974). "Metabolic Rates of Short-Tailed Shrews". Physiological Zoology , 47: 2, 75–90. JStore
^ Reid, F. (2009). "A Field Guide to the Mammals of Central America and Southeast Mexico". p. 63-64. [1]
^ Churchfield, Sara (January 1990). "The natural history of shrews". ISBN 978-0-8014-2595-0.
^ Macdonald (Ed), Professor David W. (2006). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920608-2.
^ Piper, Ross (2007), Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press.
^ "BioProspecting NB, Inc's novel ovarian cancer treatment found effective in animal cancer model.". 8 Apr 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
^ Tomasi, T. E. (1979). "Echolocation by the Short-Tailed Shrew Blarina brevicauda". Journal of Mammalogy. 60 (4): 751–9. doi:10.2307/1380190. JSTOR 1380190.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Siemers, B. M.; Schauermann, G.; Turni, H.; Von Merten, S. (2009). "Why do shrews twitter? Communication or simple echo-based orientation". Biology Letters. 5 (5): 593–596. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0378. PMC 2781971. PMID 19535367.
^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (2011). "Class Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3148: 56–60.

External links

"Shrew". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.

English Journal

Development of a tree shrew metabolic syndrome model and use of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for treatment.

Pan XH1,2,3, Zhu L1,2,3, Yao X1,2,3, Liu JF1,2,3, Li ZA1,2,3, Yang JY1,2,3, Pang RQ1,2,3, Ruan GP4,5,6.
Cytotechnology.Cytotechnology.2016 Dec;68(6):2449-2467. Epub 2016 Mar 21.
The aim of this study was to establish a tree shrew metabolic syndrome model and demonstrate the utility of MSCs in treating metabolic syndrome. We used tree shrew umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (TS-UC-MSC) transplantation for the treatment of metabolic syndrome to demonstrate the clinical app
PMID 27000263

Human Infections by Non-Rodent-Associated Hantaviruses in Africa.

Heinemann P1, Tia M2, Alabi A3, Anon JC4, Auste B1, Essbauer S5, Gnionsahe A2, Kigninlman H6, Klempa B1,7, Kraef C8, Kruger N1, Leendertz FH9, Ndhatz-Sanogo M4, Schaumburg F8, Witkowski PT1, Akoua-Koffi CG4, Kruger DH1.
The Journal of infectious diseases.J Infect Dis.2016 Nov 15;214(10):1507-1511. Epub 2016 Sep 6.
Various hantaviruses have been discovered in unconventional hosts (shrews and bats) in Africa. Up to now, it was unknown whether these viruses pose a threat for human health. In this study, using newly established serological assays, we demonstrated evidence of shrew-borne hantavirus infections in h
PMID 27601619

Expression patterns of Fgf8 and Shh in the developing external genitalia of Suncus murinus.

Miyado M1, Miyado K2, Nakamura A3, Fukami M4, Yamada G5, Oda SI6.
Reproduction (Cambridge, England).Reproduction.2016 Nov 14. pii: REP-16-0231. [Epub ahead of print]
Reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and several signalling pathways regulate the development of the genital tubercle (GT), an embryonic primordium of external genitalia. The morphology of the adult male external genitalia of the Asian house musk shrew Suncus murinus (hereafter, laboratory
PMID 27845689

Serine/threonine-kinase 33 (Stk33) - component of the neuroendocrine network?

Reuss S1, Brauksiepe B2, Disque-Kaiser U3, Olivier T3.
Brain research.Brain Res.2016 Nov 10. pii: S0006-8993(16)30745-4. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.11.006. [Epub ahead of print]
The present study was conducted to investigate the expression of serine/threonine-kinase 33 (Stk33) in neuronal structures of the central nervous system in rat and hamster as well as the presence of the protein in the brain of higher mammals, using a polyclonal antibody on cryosections of fixed brai
PMID 27840186

Japanese Journal

体毛から抽出したDNAを用いたオオアシトガリネズミSorex unguiculatusの性判別

亀山祐一,黒田高光,木村慧,沖本康平,下井岳,橋詰良一
東京農業大学農学集報 59(2), 163-167, 2014-09-19
オオアシトガリネズミは外見による性判別が難しい上に,保定による外部生殖器の観察が野生由来の飼育個体に多大なストレスを与える可能性もある。そこで本研究では,同種の体毛を材料としたPCRによる性判別法について検討した。毛による性判別に先立ち,解剖して生殖腺で性別を確認した個体から肝臓を採取し,肝臓由来のゲノムDNAで性判別を行った。雄特異的プライマーはヨーロッパトガリネズミで雄特異的産物の検出が報告さ …
NAID 110009838673

ミャンマー西部におけるモグラジネズミ属(食虫目,トガリネズミ科)の初記録,種同定と核型の特徴について

Kawada Shin-ichiro,Kurihara Nozomi,Tominaga Noriko [他]
Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science. Series A, Zoology 40(2), 105-109, 2014-05
NAID 40020204075

Subcutaneous arterial arrangement in the dorsum of the house musk shrew, Suncus murinus

Mine Kazuharu,Shimotakahara Rie,Ogata Shigemitsu
鹿児島大学医学部保健学科紀要 24(1), 53-56, 2014-03
NAID 40020128902

〈女らしさの神話〉とハリウッド・シェイクスピア : 1967年の『じゃじゃ馬馴らし』 (中井紀明教授退任記念号)

小野良子
英米評論 = English review (28), 5-35, 2014-03
NAID 40020080450

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

拡張検索	「tree shrew」

「tree shrew」

Shrews; Temporal range: Middle Eocene–Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	A southern short-tailed shrew
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Infraclass:	Eutheria
Order:	Eulipotyphla
Family:	Soricidae; G. Fischer, 1814
Subfamilies
	Crocidurinae; Myosoricinae; Soricinae;

　　[★]

ツパイ

関: Scandentia、Tupaia、Tupaiidae

[msw3-1] Hutterer, R. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 223–300. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[2] Louch, C.D.; Ghosh, A.K. & Pal, B.C. (1966). "Seasonal Changes in Weight and Reproductive Activity of Suncus murinus in West Bengal, India". Journal of Mammalogy 47 (1): 73–78. JSTOR 1378070

[EoM-3] Barnard, Christopher J. (1984). Macdonald, D., ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 758–763. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.

[4] William, J.; Platt, W. J. (1974). "Metabolic Rates of Short-Tailed Shrews". Physiological Zoology , 47: 2, 75–90. JStore

[5] Reid, F. (2009). "A Field Guide to the Mammals of Central America and Southeast Mexico". p. 63-64. [1]

[6] Churchfield, Sara (January 1990). "The natural history of shrews". ISBN 978-0-8014-2595-0.

[7] Macdonald (Ed), Professor David W. (2006). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920608-2.

[8] Piper, Ross (2007), Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press.

[9] "BioProspecting NB, Inc's novel ovarian cancer treatment found effective in animal cancer model.". 8 Apr 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2010.

[10] Tomasi, T. E. (1979). "Echolocation by the Short-Tailed Shrew Blarina brevicauda". Journal of Mammalogy. 60 (4): 751–9. doi:10.2307/1380190. JSTOR 1380190.

[Siemers-11] Siemers, B. M.; Schauermann, G.; Turni, H.; Von Merten, S. (2009). "Why do shrews twitter? Communication or simple echo-based orientation". Biology Letters. 5 (5): 593–596. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0378. PMC 2781971. PMID 19535367.

[12] Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (2011). "Class Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3148: 56–60.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

shrew