Scandentia

ツパイ目

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tree shrew、Tupaia、Tupaiidae

　

WordNet

1. a small order comprising only the tree shrews: in some classifications tree shrews are considered either primates (and included in the suborder Prosimii) or true insectivores (and included in the order Insectivora) (同)order Scandentia
2. the type genus of the Tupaia: chief genus of tree shrews (同)genus Tupaia
3. tree shrews; in some classifications tree shrews are considered prosimian primates (同)family Tupaiidae

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/26 13:05:26」(JST)

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Treeshrews Temporal range: ?Middle Eocene – Recent
Madras Treeshrew (Anathana ellioti)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Infraclass:	Eutheria
Superorder:	Euarchontoglires
Order:	Scandentia Wagner, 1855
Families
Tupaiidae Ptilocercidae

The treeshrews (or tree shrews or banxrings) are small mammals native to the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. They make up the families Tupaiidae, the treeshrews, and Ptilocercidae, the pen-tailed treeshrews, and the entire order Scandentia. There are 20 species in five genera. Treeshrews have a higher brain to body mass ratio than any other mammals, including humans, though high ratios are not uncommon for animals weighing less than a kilogram.

Although called treeshrews, they are not true shrews (although they were previously classified in the Insectivora), and not all species are necessarily arboreal. Among other things, they eat Rafflesia fruit.

Among orders of mammals, treeshrews are closely related to primates, and have been used as an alternative to primates in experimental studies of myopia, psychosocial stress and hepatitis.

Characteristics

Treeshrews are slender animals with long tails and soft, greyish to reddish-brown fur. The terrestrial species tend to be larger than the arboreal forms, and to have larger claws, which they use for digging up insect prey. They are omnivorous, feeding on insects, small vertebrates, fruit, and seeds. They have poorly developed canine teeth and unspecialised molars, with an overall dental formula of: 2.1.3.33.1.3.3

Treeshrews have good vision, which is binocular in the case of the more arboreal species. Most are diurnal, although the Pen-tailed Treeshrew is nocturnal.

Female treeshrews have a gestation period of 45 to 50 days and give birth to up to three young in nests lined with dry leaves inside tree hollows. The young are born blind and hairless, but are able to leave the nest after about a month. During this period, the mother provides relatively little maternal care, visiting her young only for a few minutes every other day to suckle them. Treeshrews reach sexual maturity after around four months, and breed for much of the year, with no clear breeding season in most species.

These animals live in small family groups, which defend their territory from intruders. They mark their territories using various scent glands, or urine, depending on the particular species.

The name Tupaia is derived from tupai, the Malay word for squirrel, and was provided by Sir Stamford Raffles.

In 2008, researchers found that the Pen-tailed Treeshrew in Malaysia was able to consume large amounts of naturally fermented nectar of up to 3.8% alcohol content the entire year without having any effects on behaviour. An investigation as to how these animals cope with this diet is still ongoing.

Classification

Dentition of Tupaia

Treeshrews were moved from Insectivora to the Primates order, because of certain internal similarities to the latter (for example, similarities in the brain anatomy, highlighted by Sir Wilfred Le Gros Clark), and classified as a primitive prosimian. However, recent molecular phylogenetic studies have strongly suggested that treeshrews should be given the same rank (order) as the primates and, with the primates and the flying lemurs (colugos), belong to the clade Euarchonta. According to this classification, the Euarchonta are sister to the Glires (lagomorphs and rodents), and the two groups are combined into the clade Euarchontoglires. Other arrangements of these orders were proposed in the past.

Euarchontoglires	Glires Rodentia (rodents) Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, pikas) Euarchonta Scandentia (treeshrews) Dermoptera (Colugos) †Plesiadapiformes Primates

• ORDER SCANDENTIA
  • Family Tupaiidae
    • Genus Anathana
      • Madras Treeshrew, Anathana ellioti
    • Genus Dendrogale
      • Bornean Smooth-tailed Treeshrew, Dendrogale melanura
      • Northern Smooth-tailed Treeshrew, Dendrogale murina
    • Genus Tupaia
      • Northern Treeshrew, Tupaia belangeri
      • Golden-bellied Treeshrew, Tupaia chrysogaster
      • Striped Treeshrew, Tupaia dorsalis
      • Common Treeshrew, Tupaia glis
      • Slender Treeshrew, Tupaia gracilis
      • Horsfield's Treeshrew, Tupaia javanica
      • Long-footed Treeshrew, Tupaia longipes
      • Pygmy Treeshrew, Tupaia minor
      • Calamian Treeshrew, Tupaia moellendorffi
      • Mountain Treeshrew, Tupaia montana
      • Nicobar Treeshrew, Tupaia nicobarica
      • Palawan Treeshrew, Tupaia palawanensis
      • Painted Treeshrew, Tupaia picta
      • Ruddy Treeshrew, Tupaia splendidula
      • Large Treeshrew, Tupaia tana
    • Genus Urogale
      • Mindanao Treeshrew, Urogale evereti
  • Family Ptilocercidae
    • Genus Ptilocercus
      • Pen-tailed Treeshrew, Ptilocercus lowii

Fossil record

The fossil record of treeshrews is poor. The oldest putative treeshrew, Eodendrogale parva, is from the Middle Eocene of Henan, China, but the identity of this animal is uncertain. Other fossils have come from the Miocene of Thailand, Pakistan, India, and Yunnan, China, as well as the Pliocene of India. Most belong to the family Tupaiidae, but some still-undescribed fossils from Yunnan are thought to be closer to the pen-tailed treeshrew (Ptilocercus). Named fossil species include Prodendrogale yunnanica, Prodendrogale engesseri, and Tupaia storchi from Yunnan, Tupaia miocenica from Thailand, and Palaeotupaia sivalicus from India.

References

English Journal

• Mammalian Brains Are Made of These: A Dataset of the Numbers and Densities of Neuronal and Nonneuronal Cells in the Brain of Glires, Primates, Scandentia, Eulipotyphlans, Afrotherians and Artiodactyls, and Their Relationship with Body Mass.

• Herculano-Houzel S1, Catania K, Manger PR, Kaas JH.
• Brain, behavior and evolution.Brain Behav Evol.2015 Sep 30. [Epub ahead of print]
• Comparative studies amongst extant species are one of the pillars of evolutionary neurobiology. In the 20th century, most comparative studies remained restricted to analyses of brain structure volume and surface areas, besides estimates of neuronal density largely limited to the cerebral cortex. Ove
• PMID 26418466

• Exceptionally long 5' UTR short tandem repeats specifically linked to primates.

• Namdar-Aligoodarzi P1, Mohammadparast S1, Zaker-Kandjani B1, Talebi Kakroodi S1, Jafari Vesiehsari M1, Ohadi M2.
• Gene.Gene.2015 Sep 10;569(1):88-94. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.05.053. Epub 2015 May 27.
• We have previously reported genome-scale short tandem repeats (STRs) in the core promoter interval (i.e. -120 to +1 to the transcription start site) of protein-coding genes that have evolved identically in primates vs. non-primates. Those STRs may function as evolutionary switch codes for primate sp
• PMID 26022613

• Distributions of vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 in the visual system of tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri).

• Balaram P1, Isaamullah M2, Petry HM3, Bickford ME4, Kaas JH1.
• The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2015 Aug 15;523(12):1792-808. doi: 10.1002/cne.23727. Epub 2015 Jun 3.
• Vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) proteins regulate the storage and release of glutamate from synapses of excitatory neurons. Two isoforms, VGLUT1 and VGLUT2, are found in most glutamatergic projections across the mammalian visual system, and appear to differentially identify subsets of excita
• PMID 25521420

• The gene tree delusion.

• Springer MS1, Gatesy J2.
• Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.Mol Phylogenet Evol.2015 Jul 31;94(Pt A):1-33. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.018. [Epub ahead of print]
• Higher-level relationships among placental mammals are mostly resolved, but several polytomies remain contentious. Song et al. (2012) claimed to have resolved three of these using shortcut coalescence methods (MP-EST, STAR) and further concluded that these methods, which assume no within-locus recom
• PMID 26238460

Japanese Journal

• The grasping behaviour, locomoton and substrate use of the tree shrews Tupaia minor and T. tana (Mammalia, Scandentia)

• J Zool Lond 253, 485-490, 2001
• NAID 30022910894

• A Lectin-Histochemical Study on the Seminiferous Epithelium of the Northern Smooth-Tailed Tree Shrew <I>(Dendrogale murina)</I>and the Java Tree Shrew <I>(Tupaia javanica)</I>

• Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica 77(2-3), 63-68, 2000
• NAID 130004650544

Related Links

• Scandentia - Tree of Life Web Project

Information on the Internet Order Scandentia. Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. What Is A Tree Shrew? National Wildlife Federation. Eurasian Insectivores and Tree Shrews: Status Survey and ...

• Scandentia - definition of Scandentia by The Free Dictionary

Thesaurus Antonyms Related Words Synonyms Legend: Noun 1. Scandentia - a small order comprising only the tree shrews: in some classifications tree shrews are considered either primates (and included in the suborder Prosimii ...

• What does Scandentia mean? definition and meaning (Free ...

Definition of Scandentia in the AudioEnglish.org Dictionary. Meaning of Scandentia. What does Scandentia mean? Proper usage of the word Scandentia. Information about Scandentia in the AudioEnglish.org dictionary, synonyms and ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Tupaia」「ツパイ目」「Tupaiidae」「tree shrew」

「Tupaia」

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ツパイ属、ツパイア属、Tupaia属

関

Scandentia、tree shrew、Tupaiidae

　

「ツパイ目」

　　[★]

ラ

Scandentia

関

Tupaia属、ツパイ科、ツパイ

「Tupaiidae」

　　[★] ツパイ科

関

Scandentia、tree shrew、Tupaia

　

「tree shrew」

　　[★]

ツパイ

関

Scandentia、Tupaia、Tupaiidae