PrepTutorEJDIC

震え,おののき / 震える:そよぐ

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/19 20:13:00」(JST)

wiki en

"Shiver" redirects here. For other uses, see Shiver (disambiguation).

Shivering (also called shuddering) is a bodily function in response to early hypothermia in warm-blooded animals. When the core body temperature drops, the shivering reflex is triggered to maintain homeostasis. Muscle groups around the vital organs begin to shake in small movements in an attempt to create warmth by expending energy. Shivering can also be a response to a fever, as a person may feel cold, though their core temperature is already elevated.

Located in the posterior hypothalamus near the wall of the third ventricle is an area called the primary motor center for shivering. This area is normally inhibited by signals from the heat center in the anterior hypothalamic-preoptic area but is excited by cold signals from the skin and spinal cord. Therefore, this center becomes activated when the body temperature falls even a fraction of a degree below a critical temperature level.

Increased muscular activity results in the generation of heat as a byproduct. Most often, when the purpose of the muscle activity is to produce motion, the heat is wasted energy. In shivering, the heat is the main intended product and is utilized for warmth.

Shivering can also appear after surgery. This is known as postanesthetic shivering.

Newborn babies, infants, and young children experience a greater (net) heat loss than adults because they cannot shiver to maintain body heat. They rely on non-shivering thermogenesis. Children have an increased amount of Brown Fat (increased vascular supply, and high mitochondrial density), and, when cold-stressed, will have greater oxygen consumption and will release norepinephrine. Norepinephrine will react with lipases in brown fat to break down fat into triglycerides. Triglycerides are then metabolized to glycerol and non-esterified fatty acids. These are then further degraded in the needed heat-generating process to form CO₂ and water. Chemically, in mitochondria the proton gradient producing the proton electromotive force that is ordinarily used to synthesize ATP is instead bypassed to produce heat directly.

Shivering should not be confused with chills or rigor, which is a shaking occurring during a high fever.

External links

Look up shivering in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Shivering at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 成人における心停止後のマネージメント post cardiac arrest management in adults
2. 周術期体温管理 perioperative temperature management
3. 麻酔後回復室（PACU）における心血管の障害 cardiovascular problems in the post anesthesia care unit pacu
4. 成人における発熱の病態生理および治療 pathophysiology and treatment of fever in adults
5. 産婦人科における硬膜外・脊椎麻酔の副作用 adverse effects of neuraxial analgesia and anesthesia for obstetrics

English Journal

Menopausal hot flashes: Mechanisms, endocrinology, treatment.

Freedman RR.
The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology.J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.2014 Jul;142C:115-120. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.08.010. Epub 2013 Sep 4.
Hot flashes (HFs) are a rapid and exaggerated heat dissipation response, consisting of profuse sweating, peripheral vasodilation, and feelings of intense, internal heat. They are triggered by small elevations in core body temperature (Tc) acting within a greatly reduced thermoneutral zone, i.e., the
PMID 24012626

Prostaglandins for management of retained placenta.

Grillo-Ardila CF1, Ruiz-Parra AI, Gaitán HG, Rodriguez-Malagon N.
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2014 May 16;5:CD010312. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Retained placenta affects 0.5% to 3% of women following delivery and it is a major cause of maternal death due to postpartum haemorrhage. Usually, retained placenta has been managed by manual removal or curettage under anaesthesia, which may be associated with haemorrhage, infection and
PMID 24833288

EuroHYP-1: European multicenter, randomized, phase III clinical trial of therapeutic hypothermia plus best medical treatment vs. best medical treatment alone for acute ischemic stroke.

van der Worp HB1, Macleod MR, Bath PM, Demotes J, Durand-Zaleski I, Gebhardt B, Gluud C, Kollmar R, Krieger DW, Lees KR, Molina C, Montaner J, Roine RO, Petersson J, Staykov D, Szabo I, Wardlaw JM, Schwab S; EuroHYP-1 investigators.
International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society.Int J Stroke.2014 May 15. doi: 10.1111/ijs.12294. [Epub ahead of print]
RATIONALE: Cooling reduced infarct size and improved neurological outcomes in animal studies modeling ischemic stroke, and also improved outcome in randomized clinical trials in patients with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury after cardiac arrest. Cooling awake patients with ischemic stroke has been sho
PMID 24828363

Japanese Journal

季節性寒冷順応が寒冷暴露時の整理反応に与える影響

西村貴孝,本井碧,二里洋輔,綿貫茂喜
日本生理人類学会誌 17(3), 109-115, 2012-08-25
NAID 110009496461

胸腔鏡下乳糜漏出部直接閉鎖術を施行したリンパ脈管筋腫症に生じた乳糜胸の1例

生田安司,田村和貴,木下義晃,日高孝子,古賀孝臣
日本呼吸器外科学会雑誌 26(6), 2012
症例は48歳，女性．腹痛と悪寒にて近医を受診し，左胸水と腹腔内腫瘤を指摘され，精査目的にて当院紹介受診となった．胸腹部CTにて両肺のびまん性薄壁嚢胞像と左胸水，および腹腔内リンパ節の腫大を認めた．胸腔穿刺にて乳糜胸水を認め，リンパ脈管筋腫症に伴う乳糜胸が疑われた．乳糜胸は保存的治療が無効であったため，手術を施行した．術前にオリーブオイルを混入した牛乳を服用させ，乳糜漏出部の縫合閉鎖と肺生検，および …
NAID 130002114642

Exercise and thermoregulation

Nagashima Kei,Tokizawa Ken,Uchida Yuki,Nakamura-Matsuda Mayumi,Lin Chen-Hsien
The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 1(1), 2012
… Body temperature constancy is achieved by two major processes: i) behavioral processes of maintaining or searching for a preferable environment and ii) autonomic processes, e.g. vasodilation of the skin, sweating and shivering. …
NAID 130001930795