WordNet

relating to or caused by or afflicted with sciatica
of or relating to the ischium (or the part of the hipbone containing it); "sciatic nerve"
any pathology of the peripheral nerves

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座骨の / 座骨神経[痛]の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/11 04:35:58」(JST)

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The sciatic nerve (/saɪˈætɪk/; also called ischiadic nerve, ischiatic nerve) is a large nerve in humans and other animals. It begins in the lower back and runs through the buttock and down the lower limb. It is the longest and widest single nerve in the human body, going from the top of the leg to the foot on the posterior aspect.^[1] The sciatic nerve provides the connection to the nervous system for nearly the whole of the skin of the leg, the muscles of the back of the thigh, and those of the leg and foot. It is derived from spinal nerves L4 through S3. It contains fibres from both the anterior and posterior divisions of the lumbosacral plexus.

Structure

The sciatic nerve is formed from the L4 to S3 segments of the sacral plexus, a collection of nerve fibres that emerge from the sacral part of the spinal cord. The fibres unite to form a single nerve in front of the piriformis muscle. The nerve passes beneath piriformis and through the greater sciatic foramen, exiting the pelvis.^[2]^:422-4 From here, it travels down the posterior thigh to the popliteal fossa. The nerve travels in the posterior compartment of the thigh behind the adductor magnus muscle, and is itself in front of the one head of the biceps femoris muscle. At some point between the pelvis and popliteal fossa, the nerve divides into its two branches:^[2]^:532

The tibial nerve, which travels down the posterior compartment of the leg into the foot
The common fibular nerve, which travels down the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg into the foot

The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the human body.^[2] ^:422-4

Tibial and common peroneal nerve

Development

Function

The sciatic nerve innervates the skin of the foot, as well as the entire lower leg (except for its medial side). The skin to the sole of the foot is provided by the tibial nerve, and the lower leg and upper surface of the foot via the common fibular nerve.^[2]^:422-4

The sciatic nerve also innervates muscles. In particular:^[2] ^:422-4

Via the tibial nerve, the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg and sole of the foot. ^[a]
Via the common fibular nerve, the muscles in the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg. ^[b]

Clinical significance

Sciatica

Pain caused by a compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve by a problem in the lower back is called sciatica. Common causes of sciatica include the following lower back and hip conditions: spinal disc herniation, degenerative disc disease, lumbar spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis, and piriformis syndrome.^[3] Other acute causes of sciatica include coughing, muscular hypertension, and sneezing.^[4]

Injury

Sciatic nerve injury occurs between 0.5% and 2.0% of the time during total hip arthroplasty.^[5] Sciatic nerve palsy is a complication of total hip arthroplasty with an incidence of 0.2% to 2.8% of the time, or with an incidence of 1.7% to 7.6% following revision.^[6] Following the procedure, in rare cases, a screw, broken piece of trochanteric wire, fragment of methyl methacrylate bone cement, or Burch-Schneider metal cage can impinge on the nerve; this can cause sciatic nerve palsy which may resolve after the fragment is removed and the nerve freed. The nerve can be surrounded in oxidized regenerated cellulose to prevent further scarring. Sciatic nerve palsy can also result from severe spinal stenosis following the procedure, which can be addressed by spinal decompression surgery.^[5]^[7]

Other disease

Bernese periacetabular osteotomy resulted in major nerve deficits in the sciatic or femoral nerves in 2.1% of 1760 patients, of whom approximately half experienced complete recovery within a mean of 5.5 months.^[8]

Sciatic nerve exploration can be done by endoscopy in a minimally invasive procedure to assess lesions of the nerve.^[9] Endoscopic treatment for sciatic nerve entrapment has been investigated in deep gluteal syndrome; "Patients were treated with sciatic nerve decompression by resection of fibrovascular scar bands, piriformis tendon release, obturator internus, or quadratus femoris or by hamstring tendon scarring."^[10]

Society and culture

According to Jewish law, the sciatic nerve (Hebrew: Gid hanasheh) cannot be eaten, to commemorate Jacob's victory over an Angel.^[11]

According to Islamic tradition, Jacob was suffering from sciatica. This caused him immense pain. In order to be relieved from the pain, he made a vow with God promising not to ever touch camel meat if he is relieved of the pain. He was relieved and therefore, subsequently never partook of camel meat again.

Additional images

Sciatic nerve.
Structures surrounding right hip-joint.
Nerves of the right lower extremity. Posterior view.
Sciatic nerve.
Sciatic nerve.
Sciatic nerve.

Notes

^ Namely the flexor hallicus longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior and popliteus of the deep part of the compartment, and the gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris of the superficial part of the compartment.
^ Namely the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and fibularis tertius (peroneus tertius) of the anterior compartment, and the Fibularis longus and brevis of the lateral compartment.

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

^ "sciatic nerve (anatomy)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0.
^ "Sciatica - Topic Overview". WebMD. 21 July 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
^ "What is sciatica: What causes sciatica?". MedicalBug. 11 April 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
^ ^a ^b James B. Stiehl MD and William A. Stewart MD (1998). "Late Sciatic Nerve Entrapment Following Pelvic Plate Reconstruction in Total Hip Arthroplasty" (PDF). The Journal of Arthroplasty 13 (5): 587–589.
^ Alessandro Bistolfi et al. (2011). "Operative Management of Sciatic Nerve Palsy due to Impingement on the Metal Cage after Total Hip Revision: Case Report". Case Report Med. p. 830296.
^ PMID 2290087 is cited by Stiehl and Stewart for the 0.5-2.0% figure.
^ PMID 22684336
^ PMID 15343436
^ PMID 21071168
^ Goldberger, Moshe. "1: Not to Eat the Gid HaNasheh". The First Prohibitions. Retrieved 10 March 2014.

External links

Sciatic_nerve at the Duke University Health System's Orthopedics program
MedlinePlus Image 19503
pelvis at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (pelvicnerves)
glutealregion at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (glutealner)
Sciatica and the Sciatic Nerve

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 下肢末梢神経症候群の概要 overview of lower extremity peripheral nerve syndromes
2. 外傷性単神経障害 traumatic mononeuropathies
3. 骨盤手術に関連する神経損傷 nerve injury associated with pelvic surgery
4. 腰仙部神経叢症候群 lumbosacral plexus syndromes
5. 全人工股関節置換術の合併症 complications of total hip arthroplasty

English Journal

The effect of curcumin on oxaliplatin and Cisplatin neurotoxicity in rats: some behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological studies.

Al Moundhri MS, Al-Salam S, Al Mahrouqee A, Beegam S, Ali BH.SourceDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod, Sultanate of Oman.
Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology.J Med Toxicol.2013 Mar;9(1):25-33. doi: 10.1007/s13181-012-0239-x.
Cisplatin is commonly used against several solid tumors, and oxaliplatin is an effective cytotoxic drug used in colorectal cancer. A major clinical issue affecting 10-40 % of patients treated with cisplatin or oxaliplatin is severe peripheral neuropathy causing sensory, motor, and autonomic dysfunc
PMID 22648527

Subchronic neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and their combination in rats.

Wang HP, Liang YJ, Sun YJ, Hou WY, Chen JX, Long DX, Xu MY, Wu YJ.SourceLaboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1-5 Beichenxi Road, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.
Environmental toxicology.Environ Toxicol.2013 Feb 18. doi: 10.1002/tox.21851. [Epub ahead of print]
Anticholinesterase pesticides have been widely used in agricultural and domestic settings and can be detected in the environment after long-term use. Although the acute toxic effects of chlorpyrifos and carbaryl have been well described, little is known about the chronic toxicity of the pesticides m
PMID 23418109

Japanese Journal

Effect of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-induced hypertension on diabetic peripheral neuropathy in alloxan-induced diabetic WBN/Kob rats

OZAKI Kiyokazu,HAMANO Hiroko,MATSUURA Tetsuro,NARAMA Isao
Journal of Toxicologic Pathology advpub(0), 2015
… The relationship between hypertension and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) has recently been reported in clinical research, but it remains unclear whether hypertension is a risk factor for DPN. … Sciatic, tibial (motor) and sural (sensory) nerves were subjected to qualitative and quantitative histomorphological analysis. …
NAID 130005099249

Contribution of hyperglycemia on diabetic complications in obese type 2 diabetic SDT fatty rats: effects of SGLT inhibitor phlorizin

KATSUDA Yoshiaki,SASASE Tomohiko,TADAKI Hironobu [他],MERA Yasuko,MOTOHASHI Yu,Kemmochi Yusuke,TOYODA Kaoru,KAKIMOTO Kochi,KUME Shinichi,OHTA Takeshi
Experimental Animals 64(2), 161-169, 2015
… With early onset of diabetes mellitus, diabetic microvascular complications, including nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy and retinopathy, are observed at young ages. … Sciatic nerve conduction velocities were significantly delayed in SDT fatty rats compared with Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. … Intraepidermal nerve fiber density, an indicator of subclinical small nerve fiber neuropathy, significantly decreased in SDT fatty rats. …
NAID 130005069864

Contribution of hyperglycemia on diabetic complications in obese type 2 diabetic SDT fatty rats: effects of SGLT inhibitor phlorizin

KATSUDA Yoshiaki,SASASE Tomohiko,TADAKI Hironobu,MERA Yasuko,MOTOHASHI Yu,KEMMOCHI Yusuke,TOYODA Kaoru,KAKIMOTO Kochi,KUME Shinichi,OHTA Takeshi
Experimental Animals advpub(0), 2015
… With early onset of diabetes mellitus, diabetic microvascular complications, including nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy and retinopathy, are observed at young ages. … Sciatic nerve conduction velocities were significantly delayed in SDT fatty rats compared with Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. … Intraepidermal nerve fiber density, an indicator of subclinical small nerve fiber neuropathy, significantly decreased in SDT fatty rats. …
NAID 130004921817

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「坐骨神経障害」「坐骨神経ニューロパチー」「sciatic nerve palsy」
関連記事	「sciatic」「neuropathy」

「坐骨神経障害」

Sciatic Nerve
	Left gluteal region, showing surface markings for arteries and sciatic nerve
Details
Latin	Nervus ischiadicus
From	Lumbar and sacral plexus (L4-S3)
To	Tibial and common fibular nerve
Innervates	Lateral rotator group (except piriformis and quadratus femoris) and the posterior compartment of thigh
Identifiers
Gray's	p.960
Dorlands; /Elsevier	n_05/12566006
TA	A14.2.07.046
FMA	19034
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy