関: navicular、scaphoid

WordNet

shaped like a boat (同)scaphoid
remove the bones from; "bone the turkey before roasting it" (同)debone
the porous calcified substance from which bones are made (同)osseous_tissue
consisting of or made up of bone; "a bony substance"; "the bony framework of the body"
a shade of white the color of bleached bones (同)ivory, pearl, off-white
rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates (同)os
having bones as specified; "his lanky long-boned body"
having had the bones removed; "a boneless rib roast"; "a boned (or deboned) fish" (同)deboned
a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of hollow pieces of wood or bone (usually held between the thumb and fingers) that are made to click together (as by Spanish dancers) in rhythm with the dance (同)castanets, clappers, finger cymbals

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉骨 / 〈U〉骨を作っている物質,骨質 / 《複数形で》骨格;死骸(がい) / 〈魚など〉‘の'骨を取る
(魚など)骨を取り除いた / (衣服が)(コルセットなどで)骨で張りをつけた[ような]

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/11/29 10:46:43」(JST)

wiki en

The scaphoid bone is one of the carpal bones of the wrist. It is situated between the hand and forearm on the thumb side of the wrist (also called the lateral or radial side). It forms the radial border of the carpal tunnel. The scaphoid bone is the largest bone of the proximal row of wrist bones, its long axis being from above downward, lateralward, and forward. It is approximately the size and shape of a medium cashew.

Structure

The scaphoid is situated between the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones. It is located on the radial side of the wrist, and articulates with the radius, lunate, trapezoid, trapezium and capitate.^[1]^:176 Over 80% of the bone is covered in articular cartilage.^[2]

Bone

The palmar surface of the scaphoid is concave, and forming a tubercle, giving attachment to the transverse carpal ligament. The proximal surface is triangular, smooth and convex, and articulates with the radius and adjacent carpal bones, namely the lunate, capitate, trapezium and trapezioid.^[2] The lateral surface is narrow and gives attachment to the radial collateral ligament. The medial surface has two facets, a flattened semi-lunar facet articulating with the lunate bone, and an inferior concave facet, articulating alongside the lunate with the head of the capitate bone.^[3]

The dorsal surface of the bone is narrow, with a groove running the length of the bone and allowing ligaments to attach, and the surface facing the fingers (anatomically inferior) is smooth and convex, also triangular, and divided into two parts by a slight ridge.^[3]

Blood supply

It receives its blood supply primarily from lateral and distal branches of the radial artery, via palmar and dorsal branches. These provide an "abundant" supply to middle and distal bone, but neglects the proximal portion, which relies on retrograde flow.^[1]^:189 The dorsal branch supplies the majority of the middle and distal portions, with the palmar branch supplying only the distal third of the bone.^[2]

Variation

The dorsal blood supply, particularly of the proximal portion, is highly variable.^[1]^:189 Sometimes the fibers of the abductor pollicis brevis emerge from the tubercle.^[3]

In animals

In reptiles, birds, and amphibians, this bone is instead commonly referred to as the radiale because of its articulation with the radius.

Function

The carpal bones function as a unit to provide a bony superstructure for the hand.^[4]^:708 The scaphoid is also involved in movement of the wrist.^[1]^:6 It, along with the lunate, articulates with the radius and ulna to form the major bones involved in movement of the wrist.^[4] The scaphoid serves as a link between the two rows of carpal bones. With wrist movement, the scaphoid may flex from its position in the same plane as the forearm to perpendicular.^[1]^:176–177

Clinical significance

Fracture

Scaphoid fracture before and after operation

Fractures of the scaphoid are the most common of the carpal bone injuries, because of its connections with the two rows of carpal bones.^[1]^:177

The scaphoid can be slow to heal because of the limited circulation to the bone. Fractures of the scaphoid must be recognized and treated quickly, as prompt treatment by immobilization or surgical fixation increases the likelihood of the bone healing in anatomic alignment, thus avoiding mal-union or non-union. Delays may compromise healing. Failure of the fracture to heal ("non-union") will lead to post-traumatic osteoarthritis of the carpus.^[1]^:189 One reason for this is because of the "tenuous" blood supply to the proximal segment.^[2] Even rapidly immobilized fractures may require surgical treatment, including use of a headless compression screw such as the Herbert screw to bind the two halves together.

Healing of the fracture with a non-anatomic deformity (frequently, a volar flexed "humpback") can also lead to post-traumatic arthritis. Non-unions can result in loss of blood supply to the proximal pole, which can result in avascular necrosis of the proximal segment.

Other diseases

A condition called scapholunate instability can occur when the scapholunate ligament (connecting the scaphoid to the lunate bone) and other surrounding ligaments are disrupted. In this state, the distance between the scaphoid and lunate bones is increased.^[1]^:180

There is a rare disease of this bone called Preiser's Disease.

Palpation

The scaphoid can be palpated at the base of the anatomical snuff box. It can also be palpated in the volar (palmar) hand/wrist. Its position is the intersections of the long axes of the four fingers while in a fist, or the base of the thenar eminence. When palpated in this position, the bone will be felt to slide forward during radial deviation (wrist abduction) and flexion.

Clicking of the scaphoid or no anterior translation can indicate scapholunate instability.

Etymology

The etymology of the scaphoid bone (Greek: σκαφοειδές) is derived from the Greek skaphos, which means "a boat," and the Greek eidos, which means "kind".^[5] The name refers to the shape of the bone, supposedly reminiscent of a boat. In older literature about human anatomy,^[3] the scaphoid is referred to as the navicular bone of the hand, since there is also a bone in a similar position in the foot which is called the navicular.

Additional images

Scaphoid bone of the left hand (shown in red). Animation.
Scaphoid bone of the left hand. Close up. Animation.
Scaphoid bone.
Scaphoid shown in yellow. Left hand. Palmar surface.
Scaphoid shown in yellow. Left hand. Dorsal surface.
Cross section of wrist (thumb on left). Scaphoid (labelled as "Navicular") shown in red.
Wrist joint. Deep dissection. Posterior view.
Scaphoid forms the radial (thumb-side) border of the carpal tunnel. Wrist joint. Deep dissection. Anterior (palmar) view.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Beasley, Robert W. (2003). Beasley's Surgery of the Hand. New York: Thieme. ISBN 978-1-282-95002-3. OCLC 657589090.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Eathorne, Scott W. (March 2005). "The wrist: clinical anatomy and physical examination—an update". Primary care. 32 (1): 17–33. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2004.11.009. PMID 15831311.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gray, Henry (1918). "6b. The Hand. 1. The Carpus". Anatomy of the Human Body. 4 – via Bartleby.com.
^ ^a ^b Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Mitchell, Adam W.M. (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Illustrated by Richard Tibbitts and Paul Richardson. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0. OCLC 646533128.
^ Anderson, Kenneth; Anderson, Lois E.; Glanze, Walter D. (1994). Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary (4th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby. p. 1396. ISBN 978-0-8016-7225-5. OCLC 461378724.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 舟状骨骨折 scaphoid fractures
2. 手首の解剖学および基本的な生体力学 anatomy and basic biomechanics of the wrist
3. 小児および思春期における手首の疼痛および損傷の評価 evaluation of wrist pain and injury in children and adolescents
4. 骨折のマネージメントの一般原則：骨治癒および骨折について general principles of fracture management bone healing and fracture description
5. Skeletal dysplasias: Specific disorders

English Journal

The management of suspected scaphoid fractures in English hospitals: a national survey.

Smith JE1, House RH, Gallagher J, Phillips A.
European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine.Eur J Emerg Med.2016 Jun;23(3):190-3. doi: 10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000228.
BACKGROUND: Wrist injuries are common, and there is often diagnostic uncertainty following normal initial radiographs when there is ongoing clinical suspicion of a scaphoid fracture.The aims of this study were to define the problem in our hospital, and to identify current practice relating to the ma
PMID 25460813

The epidemiology of fractures of the scaphoid: impact of age, gender, deprivation and seasonality.

Garala K1, Taub NA2, Dias JJ3.
The bone & joint journal.Bone Joint J.2016 May;98-B(5):654-9. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.98B5.36938.
AIMS: This study explores the epidemiology of patients with a fracture of the scaphoid presenting to a regional teaching hospital.PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients with a confirmed fracture of the scaphoid over a retrospective period between January 2010 and May 2013 were included. Their demographi
PMID 27143737

Complications With the Use of BMP-2 in Scaphoid Nonunion Surgery.

Brannan PS1, Gaston RG2, Loeffler BJ1, Lewis DR1.
The Journal of hand surgery.J Hand Surg Am.2016 May;41(5):602-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.01.013. Epub 2016 Mar 22.
PURPOSE: In an effort to improve fracture healing and decrease the need for autologous bone graft, products such as recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2) have been developed and used in both spine and nonspine surgery. There is a paucity of literature regarding the use of rhBMP-2 in
PMID 27013317

Japanese Journal

難治性舟状骨偽関節に対する血管柄付き骨移植術による治療 (整形外科におけるマイクロサージャリーの進歩) -- (骨格再建)

川崎恵吉,稲垣克記
整形・災害外科 58(5), 629-636, 2015-04
NAID 40020443630

三次元手関節モデルを用いた橈・尺屈シミュレーション

嶋脇聡,進藤拓志,酒井直隆,中林正隆
日本機械学会論文集 81(827), 14-00653-14-00653, 2015
… The primary objective of this study was to numerically simulate the carpal bone kinematics during radioulnar deviation of the wrist. … The tendon-modulated muscle spring model comprised elements simulating contractible the muscle fibers and elastic tendons that transmitted muscle force to the bone. …
NAID 130005089662

Three-dimensional Analysis of the Attachment and Path of the Transverse Carpal Ligament

Nanno Mitsuhiko,Sawaizumi Takuya,Kodera Norie,Tomori Yuji,Takai Shinro
Journal of Nippon Medical School 82(3), 130-135, 2015
… Their ligament attachments and whole bone surfaces were digitized three-dimensionally and their areas evaluated. … The scaphoid-pisiform ligament was found in only two of the ten specimens. … The average areas of the attachments of the TCL were 42.7 mm2 on the trapezium, 30.0 mm2 on the hook of hamate, 21.6 mm2 on the pisiform, and 12.7 mm2 on the scaphoid. …
NAID 130005085398

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「舟状骨」
関連記事	「bone」

「舟状骨」

Scaphoid bone
	Left hand anterior view (palmar view). Scaphoid bone shown in red.
	The left scaphoid bone
Details
Pronunciation	/ˈskæfɔɪd/;
Articulations	articulates with five bones; radius proximally; trapezoid bone and trapezium bone distally; capitate and lunate medially
Identifiers
Latin	os scaphoideum,; os naviculare manus
MeSH	A02.835.232.087.319.150.750
Dorlands; /Elsevier	o_07/12598675
TA	A02.4.08.003
FMA	23709
	Anatomical terms of bone [edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

手の舟状骨

英: scaphoid, scaphoid bone, navicular bone of hand
ラ: os scaphoideum
関: 手根骨

Henry Gray (1825-1861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.

手根の近位列の最大の骨で、内側で月状骨と関節し、近位側では橈骨との間で、遠位側では有頭骨、大菱形骨、小菱形骨との間で関節をつくる。

足の舟状骨

英: navicular (M), navicular bone
ラ: os naviculare
関: 足根骨、足関節