WordNet

reveal (something) about somebodys identity or lifestyle; "The gay actor was outed last week"; "Someone outed a CIA agent"
(baseball) a failure by a batter or runner to reach a base safely in baseball; "you only get 3 outs per inning"
be made known; be disclosed or revealed; "The truth will out" (同)come_out
away from home; "they went out last night"
directed outward or serving to direct something outward; "the out doorway"; "the out basket"
moving or appearing to move away from a place, especially one that is enclosed or hidden; "the cat came out from under the bed";
no longer fashionable; "that style is out these days"
not allowed to continue to bat or run; "he was tagged out at second on a close play"; "he fanned out"
not worth considering as a possibility; "a picnic is out because of the weather"
out of power; especially having been unsuccessful in an election; "now the Democrats are out"
outer or outlying; "the out islands"
outside or external; "the out surface of a ships hull"
the act of adding salt to food

PrepTutorEJDIC

(ある位置・状態から)『外へ』(『で』),外出して;戸外に;外国に / (隠れた所から表面に)『現れ出て』;世に出て;発表されて;(花・葉などが)出て来て,咲いて / 『無くなって』,消えて;終わって;流行遅れの,すたれた / 『最後まで』,すっかり / 大声で,はっきりと,隠さずに / (政権・現職から)離れて,去って / 仕事を休んで;ストライキをやって / (調子が)狂って,乱れて,(関節などが)はずれて;まちがって;損をして / (野球・クリケットで)アウトになって(ボクシングで)ノックアウトになって / 支配権を失った,政権から離れた / (野球・クリケットで打者・走者が)アウトになった / (衣服などが)並はずれて大きい,特大の / 遠く離れた / 《米》…から[外に(を)] / 《米》…に沿って外へ,のはずれに / (野球・クリケットで)アウト;《the outs》守備測 / 《複数形で》失業者 / 《米話》言い訳,口実 / ばれる,露見する / 出て行け
遠足,遊山(ゆさん),遠出

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/07 22:38:18」(JST)

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Salting out (also known as antisolvent crystallization, precipitation crystallization, or drowning out)^[1] is an effect based on the electrolyte-nonelectrolyte interaction, in which the non-electrolyte could be less soluble at high salt concentrations. It is used as method of separating proteins. The salt concentration needed for the protein to precipitate out of the solution differs from protein to protein. This process is also used to concentrate dilute solutions of proteins. Dialysis can be used to remove the salt if needed.

Principle

There are hydrophobic amino acids and hydrophilic amino acids in protein molecules. After protein folding in aqueous solution, hydrophobic amino acids usually form protected hydrophobic areas while hydrophilic amino acids interact with the molecules of solvation and allow proteins to form hydrogen bonds with the surrounding water molecules. If enough of the protein surface is hydrophilic, the protein can be dissolved in water.

When the salt concentration is increased, some of the water molecules are attracted by the salt ions, which decreases the number of water molecules available to interact with the charged part of the protein. As a result of the increased demand for solvent molecules, the protein-protein interactions are stronger than the solvent-solute interactions; the protein molecules coagulate by forming hydrophobic interactions with each other. This process is known as salting out.

Soaps are easily precipitated by concentrated salt solution, the metal ion in the salt reacts with the fatty acids forming back the soap and glycerol.

Application

As different proteins have different compositions of amino acids, different protein molecules precipitate at different concentrations of salt solution.

Unwanted proteins can be removed from a protein solution mixture by salting out as long as the solubility of the protein in various concentrations of salt solution is known. After removing the precipitate by filtration or centrifugation, the desired protein can be precipitated by altering the salt concentration to the level at which the desired protein becomes insoluble.

Caution

Certain ions can increase the solubility of a protein when the concentration of the ions increases, instead of decreasing the solubility of the protein. Also some ions can denature certain proteins so if assays on the function of proteins are intended then either a different ion or an alternative purification method should be used. In attempting to remove a product from water, NaCl is often used to increase the ionic strength of water, thereby increasing its polarity, and then the product is moved into the organic layer where it can be extracted.

References

^ Genck, Wayne. "Make The Most of Antisolvent Crystallization". Retrieved 3 August 2011.

Physical biochemistry, David Sheehan, Wiley Blackwell(2009) p 285
Miller, S. A.; Dykes, D. D.; Polesky, H. F. (1988). "A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells". Nucleic acids research 16 (3): 1215. doi:10.1093/nar/16.3.1215. PMC 334765. PMID 3344216.
C. Beldie Activity coefficients in ternary systems : non-electrolyte - water - electrolyte, Revue Roum. Chim. 15, 221-228, 1970

External links

Make The Most of Antisolvent Crystallization
Salting out on UC Davis ChemWiki

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