WordNet

reveal (something) about somebodys identity or lifestyle; "The gay actor was outed last week"; "Someone outed a CIA agent"
(baseball) a failure by a batter or runner to reach a base safely in baseball; "you only get 3 outs per inning"
be made known; be disclosed or revealed; "The truth will out" (同)come_out
away from home; "they went out last night"
directed outward or serving to direct something outward; "the out doorway"; "the out basket"
moving or appearing to move away from a place, especially one that is enclosed or hidden; "the cat came out from under the bed";
no longer fashionable; "that style is out these days"
not allowed to continue to bat or run; "he was tagged out at second on a close play"; "he fanned out"
not worth considering as a possibility; "a picnic is out because of the weather"
out of power; especially having been unsuccessful in an election; "now the Democrats are out"
outer or outlying; "the out islands"
outside or external; "the out surface of a ships hull"
sprinkle as if with salt; "the rebels had salted the fields with mines and traps"
a compound formed by replacing hydrogen in an acid by a metal (or a radical that acts like a metal)
preserve with salt; "people used to salt meats on ships"
the taste experience when common salt is taken into the mouth (同)saltiness, salinity
white crystalline form of especially sodium chloride used to season and preserve food (同)table_salt, common salt
(of speech) painful or bitter; "salt scorn"- Shakespeare; "a salt apology"
add salt to
add zest or liveliness to; "She salts her lectures with jokes"
(used especially of meats) preserved in salt (同)salt-cured, brine-cured
the act of adding salt to food

PrepTutorEJDIC

(ある位置・状態から)『外へ』(『で』),外出して;戸外に;外国に / (隠れた所から表面に)『現れ出て』;世に出て;発表されて;(花・葉などが)出て来て,咲いて / 『無くなって』,消えて;終わって;流行遅れの,すたれた / 『最後まで』,すっかり / 大声で,はっきりと,隠さずに / (政権・現職から)離れて,去って / 仕事を休んで;ストライキをやって / (調子が)狂って,乱れて,(関節などが)はずれて;まちがって;損をして / (野球・クリケットで)アウトになって(ボクシングで)ノックアウトになって / 支配権を失った,政権から離れた / (野球・クリケットで打者・走者が)アウトになった / (衣服などが)並はずれて大きい,特大の / 遠く離れた / 《米》…から[外に(を)] / 《米》…に沿って外へ,のはずれに / (野球・クリケットで)アウト;《the outs》守備測 / 《複数形で》失業者 / 《米話》言い訳,口実 / ばれる,露見する / 出て行け
〈U〉『塩』食塩 / 〈U〉(化学で)塩 / 《複数形で》薬用塩類(Epsom salt[s],smelling salts) / 〈U〉生気(刺激,興趣)を与えるもの / 〈C〉《話》(特に老練な)水夫 / 塩の,塩を含んでいる;塩気のある,塩辛い / 塩漬けにした / (土地が)塩につかった / 塩信でできた,塩水の中で育つ / 〈食べ物〉‘を'塩で味をつける;〈肉・魚など〉‘を'塩漬けにして保存する《+『名』+『down』,+『down』+『名』》 / 《受動態で》(…で)〈言葉・話なで〉‘を'ぴりっとさせる,‘に'味をつける《+『名』+『with』+『名』》
塩で味をつけて,塩味の;塩漬けの
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks戦略兵器制限交渉

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/10 16:23:45」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Salting out (also known as antisolvent crystallization, precipitation crystallization, or drowning out)^[1] is an effect based on the electrolyte-nonelectrolyte interaction, in which the non-electrolyte could be less soluble at high salt concentrations. It is used as method of separating proteins. The salt concentration needed for the protein to precipitate out of the solution differs from protein to protein. This process is also used to concentrate dilute solutions of proteins. Dialysis can be used to remove the salt if needed.

Principle

There are hydrophobic amino acids and hydrophilic amino acids in protein molecules. After protein folding in aqueous solution, hydrophobic amino acids usually form protected hydrophobic areas while hydrophilic amino acids interact with the molecules of solvation and allow proteins to form hydrogen bonds with the surrounding water molecules. If enough of the protein surface is hydrophilic, the protein can be dissolved in water.

When the salt concentration is increased, some of the water molecules are attracted by the salt ions, which decreases the number of water molecules available to interact with the charged part of the protein. As a result of the increased demand for solvent molecules, the protein-protein interactions are stronger than the solvent-solute interactions; the protein molecules coagulate by forming hydrophobic interactions with each other. This process is known as salting out.

Soaps are easily precipitated by concentrated salt solution, the metal ion in the salt reacts with the fatty acids forming back the soap and glycerol.

Application

As different proteins have different compositions of amino acids, different protein molecules precipitate at different concentrations of salt solution.

Unwanted proteins can be removed from a protein solution mixture by salting out as long as the solubility of the protein in various concentrations of salt solution is known. After removing the precipitate by filtration or centrifugation, the desired protein can be precipitated by altering the salt concentration to the level at which the desired protein becomes insoluble.

Caution

Certain ions can increase the solubility of a protein when the concentration of the ions increases, instead of decreasing the solubility of the protein. Also some ions can denature certain proteins so if assays on the function of proteins are intended then either a different ion or an alternative purification method should be used. In attempting to remove a product from water, NaCl is often used to increase the ionic strength of water, thereby increasing its polarity, and then the product is moved into the organic layer where it can be extracted.

References

^ Genck, Wayne. "Make The Most of Antisolvent Crystallization". Retrieved 3 August 2011.

Physical biochemistry, David Sheehan, Wiley Blackwell(2009) p 285
Miller, S. A.; Dykes, D. D.; Polesky, H. F. (1988). "A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells". Nucleic acids research 16 (3): 1215. doi:10.1093/nar/16.3.1215. PMC 334765. PMID 3344216. edit
C. Beldie Activity coefficients in ternary systems : non-electrolyte - water - electrolyte, Revue Roum. Chim. 15, 221-228, 1970

External links

Make The Most of Antisolvent Crystallization
Salting out on UC Davis ChemWiki

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児における高ナトリウム血症 hypernatremia in children
2. 中枢性塩類喪失 cerebral salt wasting
3. 低ナトリウム血症の治療：抗利尿ホルモン不適合分泌（SIADH）症候群および
reset osmostat症候群 treatment of hyponatremia syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion siadh and reset osmostat
4. 塩分摂取量および塩分摂取量制限と原発性（本態性）高血圧 salt intake salt restriction and primary essential hypertension
5. 高ナトリウム血症の病因および評価 etiology and evaluation of hypernatremia

English Journal

Evaluation of a modified QuEChERS method for analysis of mycotoxins in rice.

Koesukwiwat U1, Sanguankaew K1, Leepipatpiboon N2.Author information 1Chromatography and Separation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.2Chromatography and Separation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. Electronic address: natchanun.l@chula.ac.th.AbstractA simple and efficient QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) sample preparation method was modified to provide good analytical results for 14 mycotoxins in rice. The method involved mixing sample with acidified aqueous acetonitrile, followed by salt-out liquid partitioning using MgSO4, NaCl, and citrate buffer salts. The extract was cleaned-up by dispersive solid-phase extraction with MgSO4, PSA, C18, and alumina-neutral. The analysis was performed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Throughout the validation experiments, 70-98% overall recoveries were achieved with RSDs ⩽ 7% for most analytes at concentrations 10-100 μg kg(-1). Limit of detections were 0.5-15 μg kg(-1). Inter-laboratory precision was performed by proficiency testing, |z|⩽ 2 was considered satisfactory. We compared our modified QuEChERS method against sample preparation using an immunoaffinity column; the recovery and specificity were comparable for the two methods, but the QuEChERS approach was more time- and cost-effective.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Jun 15;153:44-51. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.029. Epub 2013 Dec 12.
A simple and efficient QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) sample preparation method was modified to provide good analytical results for 14 mycotoxins in rice. The method involved mixing sample with acidified aqueous acetonitrile, followed by salt-out liquid partitioning using
PMID 24491698

Non-specificity and synergy at the binding site of the carboplatin-induced DNA adduct via molecular dynamics simulations of the MutSα-DNA recognition complex.

Negureanu L1, Salsbury FR Jr.Author information 1a Department of Physics , Wake Forest University , Winston Salem , NC , 27106 , USA .AbstractMutSα is the most abundant mismatch-binding factor of human DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins. MMR maintains genetic stability by recognizing and repairing DNA defects. Failure to accomplish their function may lead to cancer. In addition, MutSα recognizes at least some types of DNA damage making it a target for anticancer agents. Here, complementing scarce experimental data, we report unique hydrogen-bonding motifs associated with the recognition of the carboplatin induced DNA damage by MutSα. These data predict that carboplatin and cisplatin induced damaging DNA adducts are recognized by MutSα in a similar manner. Our simulations also indicate that loss of base pairing at the damage site results in (1) non-specific binding and (2) changes in the atomic flexibility at the lesion site and beyond. To further quantify alterations at MutSα-DNA interface in response to damage recognition, non-bonding interactions and salt bridges were investigated. These data indicate (1) possible different packing and (2) disruption of the salt bridges at the MutSα-DNA interface in the damaged complex. These findings (1) underscore the general observation of disruptions at the MutSα-DNA interface and (2) highlight the nature of the anticancer effect of the carboplatin agent. The analysis was carried out from atomistic simulations.
Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics.J Biomol Struct Dyn.2014 Jun;32(6):969-92. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2013.799437. Epub 2013 Jun 25.
MutSα is the most abundant mismatch-binding factor of human DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins. MMR maintains genetic stability by recognizing and repairing DNA defects. Failure to accomplish their function may lead to cancer. In addition, MutSα recognizes at least some types of DNA damage making
PMID 23799640

Digital multimeter-based immunosensing strategy for sensitive monitoring of biomarker by coupling an external capacitor with an enzymatic catalysis.

Tang D1, Zhang B2, Liu B2, Chen G2, Lu M3.Author information 1Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Ministry of Education & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, PR China. Electronic address: dianping.tang@fzu.edu.cn.2Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Ministry of Education & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, PR China.3Institute of Environmental and Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, PR China. Electronic address: minghua.lu2009@hotmail.com.AbstractA new digital multimeter (DMM)-based immunosensing system was designed for quantitative monitoring of biomarker (prostate-specific antigen, PSA used in this case) by coupling with an external capacitor and an enzymatic catalytic reaction. The system consisted of a salt bridge-linked reaction cell and a capacitor/DMM-joined electronic circuit. A sandwich-type immunoreaction with target PSA between the immobilized primary antibody and glucose oxidase (GOx)-labeled detection antibody was initially carried out in one of the two half-cells. Accompanying the sandwiched immunocomplex, the conjugated GOx could catalyze the oxidation of glucose, simultaneously resulting in the conversion of [Fe(CN)6](3-) to [Fe(CN)6](4-). The difference in the concentrations of [Fe(CN)6](3-)/[Fe(CN)6](4-) in two half-cells automatically produced a voltage that was utilized to charge an external capacitor. With the closing circuit switch, the capacitor discharged through the DMM, which could provide a high instantaneous current. Under the optimal conditions, the resulting currents was indirectly proportional to the concentration of target PSA in the dynamic range of 0.05-7 ng mL(-1) with a detection limit (LOD) of 6 pg mL(-1). The reproducibility, precision, and selectivity were acceptable. In addition, the methodology was validated by analyzing 12 clinical serum specimens, receiving a good accordance with the referenced values for the detection of PSA.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 May 15;55:255-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.12.022. Epub 2013 Dec 16.
A new digital multimeter (DMM)-based immunosensing system was designed for quantitative monitoring of biomarker (prostate-specific antigen, PSA used in this case) by coupling with an external capacitor and an enzymatic catalytic reaction. The system consisted of a salt bridge-linked reaction cell an
PMID 24389061

Japanese Journal

Reaction-Mediator-Based Chlorination for the Recycling of Titanium Metal Scrap Utilizing Chloride Waste

Taninouchi Yu-ki,Hamanaka Yuki,Okabe Toru H.
MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS, 2015
… To overcome these, the authors proposed a chlorination technique utilizing a reaction mediator in molten salt. … Based on thermodynamic analyses of lanthanoid chlorides, some fundamental experiments were carried out with samarium trichloride (SmCl3) as a reaction mediator. …
NAID 130004704637

密度成層流における人工湧昇流の可視化実験

永松哲郎,中村啓彦,野元達美,須本祐史,中尾智
水産工学 51(1), 1-10, 2014-07-15
… In the present study, in order to investigate the effect of the stratification on the upwelling induced by the marine structures, flow visualization tests in the homogeneous and stratified flows were carried out in the small towing tank. … The stratification was achieved by salt water and fresh water. …
NAID 110009833347

無機化学物質のオオミジンコ急性遊泳試験と培地におけるキレート剤の影響

阿部達雄,菅原武,高橋俊,アベタツオ,スガワラタケル,タカハシシュン,ABE Tatsuo,SUGAWARA Takeru,TAKAHASHI Shun
鶴岡工業高等専門学校研究紀要 = Research Reports of Tsuruoka National College of Technology (48), 61-68, 2014-04
… We expect that the metal salts also affect organisms (for example the metal ion) since metal chloride is one of the forms which are stabilized as a metal salt. … magna immobilization test was carried out based on OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals (TG202). …
NAID 120005424083