sacrum

仙骨

　 　

WordNet

1. wedge-shaped bone consisting of five fused vertebrae forming the posterior part of the pelvis; its base connects with the lowest lumbar vertebra and its tip with the coccyx
2. of or relating to sacred rites; "sacral laws"
3. of or relating to or near the sacrum

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 仙骨(腰椎(ようつい)と尾骨の間の骨)
2. 聖礼の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/12 19:57:48」(JST)

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For other uses, see Sacrum (disambiguation).

Sacrum
Sacrum, pelvic surface
Image of a male pelvis (sacrum is in center)
Latin	Os sacrum
Gray's	p.106
MeSH	Sacrum
TA	A02.2.05.001
FMA	FMA:16202
Anatomical terms of bone

In humans, the sacrum (/ˈsækrəm/ or /ˈseɪkrəm/; plural: sacrums or sacra) is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine and at the upper and back part of the pelvic cavity, where it is inserted like a wedge between the two hip bones. Its upper part connects with the last lumbar vertebra, and bottom part with the coccyx (tailbone). It consists of usually five initially unfused vertebrae which begin to fuse between ages 16–18 and are usually completely fused into a single bone by age 34.

It is curved upon itself and placed obliquely (that is, tilted forward). It is kyphotic—that is, concave facing forward. The base projects forward as the sacral promontory internally, and articulates with the last lumbar vertebra to form the prominent sacrovertebral angle. The central part is curved outward toward the posterior, allowing greater room for the pelvic cavity. The two lateral projections of the sacrum are called ala (wings), and articulate with the ilium at the L-shaped sacroiliac joints.

Structure

The sacrum consists of several parts:

• The pelvic surface of the sacrum is concave from above downward, and slightly so from side to side.
• The dorsal surface of the sacrum is convex and narrower than the pelvic.
• The lateral surface of the sacrum is broad above, but narrowed into a thin edge below.
• The base of the sacrum, which is broad and expanded, is directed upward and forward.
• The apex (apex oss. sacri) is directed downward, and presents an oval facet for articulation with the coccyx.
• The vertebral canal (canalis sacralis; sacral canal) runs throughout the greater part of the bone; above, it is triangular in form; below, its posterior wall is incomplete, from the non-development of the laminae and spinous processes. It lodges the sacral nerves, and its walls are perforated by the anterior and posterior sacral foramina through which these nerves pass out.

Articulations

The sacrum articulates with four bones:

• the last lumbar vertebra above
• the coccyx (tailbone) below
• the illium portion of the hip bone on either side

Rotation of the sacrum superiorly and anteriorly whilst the coccyx moves posteriorly relative to the ilium is sometimes called "nutation" (from the Latin term nutatio which means "nodding") and the reverse, postero-inferior motion of the sacrum relative to the ilium whilst the coccyx moves anteriorly, "counter-nutation." In upright vertebrates, the sacrum is capable of slight independent movement along the sagittal plane. When you bend backward the top (base) of the sacrum moves forward relative to the ilium; when you bend forward the top moves back.

The sacrum is called so when referred to all of the parts combined. Its parts are called sacral vertebrae when referred individually.

Variations

In some cases the sacrum will consist of six pieces or be reduced in number to four. The bodies of the first and second vertebrae may fail to unite.

Sometimes the uppermost transverse tubercles are not joined to the rest of the ala on one or both sides, or the sacral canal may be open throughout a considerable part of its length, in consequence of the imperfect development of the laminae and spinous processes.

The sacrum also varies considerably with respect to its degree of curvature.

Sexual dimorphism

The sacrum is noticeably sexually dimorphic (differently shaped in males and females).

In the female the sacrum is shorter and wider than in the male; the lower half forms a greater angle with the upper; the upper half is nearly straight, the lower half presenting the greatest amount of curvature. The bone is also directed more obliquely backward; this increases the size of the pelvic cavity and renders the sacrovertebral angle more prominent.

In the male the curvature is more evenly distributed over the whole length of the bone, and is altogether larger than in the female.

Development

Clinical significance

In oncology

The sacrum is one of the main sites for the development of the sarcomas known as chordomas (chordosarcomas) that are derived from the remnants of the embryonic notochord.

In osteopathic medicine

Sacral Diagnosis is a common issue in Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine. There are many types of sacral diagnoses, such as torsion and shear. To diagnose a sacral torsion, the axis of rotation is found with the axis named after its superior pole. If the opposite side of the pole is rotated anteriorly, it is rotated towards the pole, in which case it is called either a right-on-right (R on R) or left-on-left (L on L) torsion. The first letter in the diagnosis pertains to the direction of rotation of the superior portion of the sacrum opposite the side of the superior axis pole, and the last letter pertains to the pole.

History

The name is derived from the Latin (os) sacrum, (sacer, sacra, sacrum, "sacred"), a translation of the Greek hieron (osteon), meaning sacred or strong bone. It is called so either because supposedly sacrum was the part of an animal offered in sacrifice (since the sacrum is the seat of the organs of procreation) or because of the belief that the soul of the man resides there. In Slavic languages and in German this bone is called the 'cross bone' (Kreuzbein), in Dutch 'holy bone' (Heiligbeen).

Additional images

• Image of a female pelvis seen anteriorly, sacrum at centre.

• Vertebral column.

• Sacrum, dorsal surface.

• Lateral surfaces of sacrum and coccyx.

• Base of sacrum.

• Median sagittal section of the sacrum.

• Left Levator ani from within.

• The posterior divisions of the sacral nerves.

• Behind view.

• Frontal view.

• Top view.

• Cut top view.

• Cut side view.

• Side view.

• Lumbar and sacral plexus. Deep dissection.Anterior view.

• Lumbar and sacral plexus. Deep dissection.Anterior view.

• Lumbar and sacral plexus. Deep dissection.Anterior view

• Lumbar and sacral plexus. Deep dissection.Anterior view

See also

• Bone terminology
• Pelvimetry
• Rump (croup)
• Coccyx (tailbone)
• Ileum bone
• Nutation
• Counternutation

References

External links

• Anatomy photo:43:os-0401 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "The Female Pelvis: Articulated bones of pelvis"
• Anatomy photo:43:st-0401 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "The Female Pelvis: Bones"
• sacrum at eMedicine Dictionary

This article incorporates text from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy.

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 骨盤外傷：初期評価およびマネージメント pelvic trauma initial evaluation and management
• 2. 高齢者における軽度の骨盤骨折 minor pelvic fractures in the older adult
• 3. 腰仙部神経叢症候群 lumbosacral plexus syndromes
• 4. 成人における股関節痛の放射線評価 radiologic evaluation of the painful hip in adults
• 5. 成人外傷患者における重症骨盤骨折 severe pelvic fracture in the adult trauma patient

English Journal

• Sacral fracture after instrumented lumbosacral fusion: analysis of risk factors from spinopelvic parameters.

• Odate S, Shikata J, Kimura H, Soeda T.SourceFrom the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Center, Gakkentoshi Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
• Spine.Spine (Phila Pa 1976).2013 Feb 15;38(4):E223-9. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31827dc000.
• STUDY DESIGN.: Retrospective comparative study. OBJECTIVE.: To examine the incidence and characteristics of key spinopelvic parameters that are correlated with sacral fracture development after lumbosacral fusion. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA.: Sacral fracture is a possible complication of instrumente
• PMID 23169071

• Proximal Junctional Kyphosis in Primary Adult Deformity Surgery: Evaluation of 20 Degrees as a Critical Angle.

• Kang MM, Bridwell KH, Lenke LG, Cho SK, Pahys JM, Zebala LP, Dorward IG, Cho W, Baldus C, Hill BW.Source1Regions Hospital, Neurosurgery Department, Saint Paul, MN 2Washington University Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Louis, MO 3Department of Orthopaedics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 4Dept. of Orthopedic Surgery, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 5University of Minnesota, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Minneapolis, MN.
• Neurosurgery.Neurosurgery.2013 Feb 12. [Epub ahead of print]
• BACKGROUND:: Multiple studies have reported on the prevalence of proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) following spinal deformity surgery; however, none have demonstrated its significance with respect to functional outcome scores or revision surgery. OBJECTIVE:: To evaluate if 20° is a possible critic
• PMID 23407291

• Standardization of laparoscopic pelvic examination.

• Bedaiwy MA, Henry D, Liu J, Falcone T.SourceDepartment of Gynecology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Electronic address: bedaiwymmm@yahoo.com.
• Fertility and sterility.Fertil Steril.2013 Feb 7. pii: S0015-0282(12)02543-5. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.12.034. [Epub ahead of print]
• OBJECTIVE: To propose a novel standardized and reproducible system to be used for reporting positive and negative findings during diagnostic and operative laparoscopy based on anatomical landmarks.DESIGN: Video presentation of clinical article. The video uses animation and surgical cases to demonstr
• PMID 23395365

• Lifting style and participant's sex do not affect optimal inertial sensor location for ambulatory assessment of trunk inclination.

• Faber GS, Chang CC, Kingma I, Dennerlein JT.SourceDepartment of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, 71 Frankland Road, Hopkinton, MA 01748, USA.
• Journal of biomechanics.J Biomech.2013 Feb 7. pii: S0021-9290(12)00733-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.12.007. [Epub ahead of print]
• Trunk inclination (TI) is often used as a measure to quantify back loading in ergonomic workplace evaluation. The goal of the present study was to determine the effects of lifting style and participant's sex on the optimal inertial sensor (IS) location on the back of the trunk for the measurement of
• PMID 23394716

Japanese Journal

• スポーツ医学 成長期腰部スポーツ損傷における仙骨疲労骨折

• 兼子 秀人,村上 元庸,西澤 和也
• 整形外科 = Orthopedic surgery 65(5), 451-455, 2014-05
• NAID 40020071022

• 仙骨骨巨細胞腫の痛みに対し,フェンタニル経皮吸収型製剤に加え経口オキシコドン徐放製剤の併用が有効であった1症例

• 吉武 淳,山本 達郎,洲崎 祥子 [他]
• 麻酔 63(2), 199-202, 2014-02
• NAID 40019966266

• 超巨大多糖類サクランの構造物性とバイオミメチックな機能創出

• 金子 達雄,岡島 麻衣子,立山 誠治
• 日本ゴム協会誌 87(4), 146-152, 2014
• … Aphanothece sacrum,whose extracellular polysaccharide creates a jelly-like material (gels) which protects the cells, is mass cultured in fresh water only in Japan, and is grown with adsorbing metal ions from groundwater. …
• NAID 130004679662

• 高齢者の骨脆弱性に伴う仙骨骨折の検討

• 川本 匡規,三宅 潤一,小林 武弥,河野 譲二
• 中部日本整形外科災害外科学会雑誌 57(3), 549-550, 2014
• NAID 130004677446

Related Links

• Sacrum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In humans, the sacrum (plural: sacrums or sacra) is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine and at the upper and back part of the pelvic cavity, where it is inserted like a wedge between the two hip bones. Its upper part connects with ...

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Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「仙骨」「sacral」「sacral spine」

「仙骨」

　　[★]

英

sacrum, sacral bone

ラ

os sacrum

解剖

• 仙骨翼
• 岬角
• 前仙骨孔
• 上関節突起
• 正中仙骨稜
• 仙骨尖
• 尾骨
• 後仙骨孔
• 中間仙骨稜
• 仙骨裂孔
• 外側仙骨稜

Henry Gray (1825-1861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
Henry Gray (1825-1861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.

「sacral」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 仙椎の、仙髄の、仙骨の

関

sacral cord、sacral spine、sacral vertebra、sacral vertebrae、sacrum

　 　 　

「sacral spine」

　　[★]

仙骨

関

sacral、sacrum