For the Drosophila gene, see Rutabaga (gene). For similar vegetables also called "turnip", see Turnip (disambiguation).
| Rutabaga |
|
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: |
Plantae |
| (unranked): |
Angiosperms |
| (unranked): |
Eudicots |
| (unranked): |
Rosids |
| Order: |
Brassicales |
| Family: |
Brassicaceae |
| Genus: |
Brassica |
| Species: |
B. napobrassica |
| Binomial name |
Brassica napobrassica
(L.) Mill. |
The rutabaga, swede (from Swedish turnip),[1] turnip, yellow turnip, or neep (Brassica napobrassica, or Brassica napus var. napobrassica, or Brassica napus subsp. rapifera) is a root vegetable that originated as a cross between the cabbage and the turnip; see Triangle of U. The roots are prepared for food in a variety of ways, and its leaves can also be eaten as a leaf vegetable.
Contents
- 1 Etymology
- 2 History
- 3 Preparation and use
- 4 Phytochemistry
- 5 Non-food uses
- 5.1 Halloween
- 5.2 Festivals
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Etymology[edit source | edit]
Brassica napobrassica has many national and regional names used globally. Rutabaga is the common American and Canadian term for the plant. It comes from the old Swedish word Rotabagge, meaning simply "ram root". In the U.S., the plant is also known as Swedish turnip or yellow turnip. The term swede is used instead of rutabaga in many Commonwealth Nations, including England, Wales, Australia, and New Zealand. The name turnip is also used in parts of Northern and Midland England, the Westcountry (particularly Cornwall), Ireland, Manitoba, Ontario and Atlantic Canada. In Scotland, it is known as turnip, and in Scots as tumshie or neep (from Old English næp, Latin napus).[2] Some areas of south east Scotland, such as Berwickshire and Roxburghshire, still use the term baigie, possibly a derivative of the original Swedish rutabaga.[3] The term turnip is also utilized in southern English usage.[where?][2][4] Some will also refer to both types as just turnip (the word is also derived from næp).[who?][4] In North-East England, turnips and swedes are colloquially called snadgers, snaggers (archaic) or narkies.[citation needed]
Its common name in Sweden is kålrot (literally "cabbage/kale root"). Similarly, in Denmark it is known as kålroe and kålrabi, while in Norway it known as kålrabi in addition to being known as kålrot. In Denmark and Norway kålrabi is sometimes confused with Swedish kålrabbi (which corresponds with German Kohlrabi). The Finnish term is lanttu. Rutabaga is known as Steckrübe in German.
History[edit source | edit]
The first known printed reference to the rutabaga comes from the Swiss botanist Gaspard Bauhin in 1620, where he notes that it was growing wild in Sweden. It is often considered to have originated from Scandinavia or Russia.[5] It is said to have been widely introduced to Britain around the end of the 18th century, but it was recorded as being present in the royal gardens in England as early as 1669 and was described in France in 1700. It was asserted by Sir John Sinclair in his Husbandry of Scotland to have been introduced to Scotland around 1781–1782. An article on the topic in The Gardeners' Chronicle suggests that the rutabaga was then introduced more widely to England in 1790. Introduction to North America came in the early 19th century with reports of planted rutabaga crops in Illinois as early as 1817.[6]
Botanical history[edit source | edit]
The species commonly known as swede or rutabaga has had a rich taxonomic history. The earliest account comes from the Swiss botanist Gaspard Bauhin, who wrote about it in his 1620 Prodromus.[6] Brassica napobrassica was first validly published by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 work Species Plantarum as a variety of B. oleracea: B. oleracea var. napobrassica.[7] It has since been moved to other taxa as a variety, subspecies, or elevated to species rank. In 1768, a Scottish botanist elevated Linnaeus' variety to species rank as Brassica napobrassica in The Gardeners Dictionary, which is the currently accepted name.[8]
Rutabagas have a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 38. It originated from a cross between turnips (Brassica rapa) and Brassica oleracea. The resulting cross then doubled its chromosomes, becoming an allopolyploid species. This relationship was first published by Woo Jang-choon in 1935 and is known as the Triangle of U.[9]
Preparation and use[edit source | edit]
Finns cook rutabagas in a variety of ways: roasted (to be served with meat dishes), baked, boiled, as a major flavor enhancer in soups, uncooked and thinly julienned as a side dish or in a salad, and as the major ingredient in the ever popular Christmas dish Swede casserole (lanttulaatikko). Finns use rutabagas in most dishes that call for any root vegetable.
Rotmos served with sausage
Swedes and Norwegians cook rutabagas with potatoes and sometimes carrots, and mash them with butter and either stock or, occasionally, milk or cream, to create a puree called rotmos (Swedish, literally: root mash) and kålrabistappe (Norwegian). Onion is occasionally added. In Norway, kålrabistappe is an obligatory accompaniment to many festive dishes, including smalahove, pinnekjøtt, raspeball and salted herring. In Sweden, rotmos is often eaten together with cured and boiled ham hock, accompanied by mustard. This classic Swedish dish is called fläsklägg med rotmos. In Wales, a similar mash produced using just potatoes and rutabagas is known as ponch maip.
Haggis served wi' tatties an' neeps
In Scotland, rutabagas and potatoes are boiled and mashed separately to produce "neeps and tatties" ("tatties" being the Scots word for potatoes), traditionally served with the Scottish national dish of haggis as the main course of a Burns supper. Neeps may also be mashed with potatoes to make clapshot. Regional variations include the addition of onions to clapshot in Orkney. Neeps are also extensively used in soups and stews.
In England, they are regularly eaten mashed as part of the traditional Sunday roast. Often they are boiled together with carrots and served either mashed or pureed with butter and ground pepper. The highly flavored cooking water is often retained for soup, or as an addition to gravy. Rutabagas are an essential vegetable component of the traditional Welsh lamb broth called cawl. Rutabaga makes a component of the popular condiment, Branston Pickle.
In Canada, rutabagas are used as filler in foods such as mincemeat and Christmas cake, or as a side dish with Sunday dinner in Atlantic Canada. In Canada, they are often referred to as "turnips".
In the US, rutabagas are mostly eaten as part of stews or casseroles, served mashed with carrots, or baked in a pasty. They are frequently found in the New England boiled dinner.
In Australia, rutabagas are used in casseroles, stews and soups as a major flavor enhancer.
Despite their popularity elsewhere, rutabagas are considered a food of last resort in Germany due to their association with food shortages in World War I and World War II. Boiled stew with rutabaga and water as the only ingredient (Steckrübeneintopf) was a typical food in Germany during the famines and food shortages of World War II, as well the following years. As a result, many older Germans don't have fond memories regarding this emergency food. Although the rutabaga is still eaten in parts of Northern Germany, most Germans prefer to use the related kohlrabi (German turnip) instead.
Phytochemistry[edit source | edit]
Rutabagas, raw
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) |
| Energy |
157 kJ (38 kcal) |
| Carbohydrates |
8.62 g |
| - Sugars |
4.46 g |
| - Dietary fiber |
2.3 g |
| Fat |
0.16 g |
| Protein |
1.08 g |
| Thiamine (vit. B1) |
0.09 mg (8%) |
| Riboflavin (vit. B2) |
0.04 mg (3%) |
| Niacin (vit. B3) |
0.7 mg (5%) |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) |
0.16 mg (3%) |
| Vitamin B6 |
0.1 mg (8%) |
| Folate (vit. B9) |
21 μg (5%) |
| Vitamin C |
25 mg (30%) |
| Calcium |
43 mg (4%) |
| Iron |
0.44 mg (3%) |
| Magnesium |
20 mg (6%) |
| Manganese |
0.131 mg (6%) |
| Phosphorus |
53 mg (8%) |
| Potassium |
305 mg (6%) |
| Zinc |
0.24 mg (3%) |
Link to USDA Database entry
Percentages are roughly approximated
using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database |
Rutabagas and other cyanoglucoside-containing foods (including cassava, maize (corn), bamboo shoots, sweet potatoes, and lima beans) release cyanide, which is subsequently detoxified into thiocyanate. Thiocyanate inhibits thyroid iodide transport and, at high doses, competes with iodide in the organification process within thyroid tissue. Goitres may develop when there is a dietary imbalance of thiocyanate-containing food in excess of iodine consumption, and it is possible for these compounds to contribute to hypothyroidism.[10][11][12][13] Yet, there have been no reports of ill effects in humans from the consumption of glucosinolates from normal amounts of Brassica vegetables. Glucosinolate content in Brassica vegetables is estimated to be around one percent of dry matter. These compounds are also responsible for the bitter taste of rutabagas.[14]
Along with watercress, mustard greens, turnip, broccoli and horseradish, the perceived bitterness in rutabaga is governed by a gene affecting the TAS2R bitter receptor, which detects the glucosinolates in rutabaga. Sensitive individuals with the genotype PAV/PAV find rutabaga twice as bitter as insensitive subjects (AVI/AVI). For the mixed type (PAV/AVI), the difference is not significant for rutabaga.[15] As a result, sensitive individuals may find rutabaga so bitter as to be inedible.
Other chemicals that contribute to flavor and odor include glucocheirolin, glucobrassicanapin, glucoberteroin, gluconapoleiferin, and glucoerysolin.[16] Several phytoalexins that aid in defense against plant pathogens have also been isolated from rutabaga, including three novel phytoalexins that were reported in 2004.[17]
Rutabaga contains significant amounts of vitamin C: 100 g contains 25 mg, which is 42% of the daily recommended dose.[18]
Non-food uses[edit source | edit]
Halloween[edit source | edit]
A traditional Irish Halloween turnip (rutabaga) lantern on display in the Museum of Country Life, Ireland
People living in Ireland and Scotland have long carved turnips and used them as lanterns to ward off harmful spirits.[19] In the Middle Ages, rowdy bands of children roamed the streets in hideous masks carrying carved turnips known in Scotland as "tumshie heads".[20][21] In modern times, turnips are often carved to look as sinister and threatening as possible, and are put in the window or on the doorstep of a house at Halloween to ward off evil spirits.[22][23] Since pumpkins became readily available from Europe in the 1980s, they have taken over this role for the most part.[24]
Festivals[edit source | edit]
The International Rutabaga Curling Championship takes place annually at the Ithaca Farmers' Market on the last day of the market season.[25]
See also[edit source | edit]
- Kohlrabi
- List of culinary vegetables
References[edit source | edit]
- ^ "swede". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005.
- ^ a b The Concise Scots Dictionary, Mairi Robinson (editor) (1985)
- ^ "| Dictionary of the Scots Language", baggie, Retrieved on 25 January 2013.
- ^ a b Chambers English Dictionary (Chambers 1988), ISBN 1-85296-000-0
- ^ Hawkes, Alex D. 1968. A World of Vegetable Cookery. New York: Simon and Schuster.
- ^ a b Sturtevant, E. L. 1919. Sturtevant's Notes on Edible Plants. Albany, NY: J. B. Lyon Company, p. 105.
- ^ International Organization for Plant Information (IOPI). "Plant Name Search Results" (HTML). International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
- ^ International Organization for Plant Information (IOPI). "Plant Name Search Results" (HTML). International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
- ^ Dixon, G.R. 2007. Vegetable Brassicas and Related Crucifers. CABI: Oxfordshire, UK. pp. 6–36.
- ^ Olsson, K.; Jeppsson, L. (1984). "Undesirable glucosinolates in Brassica vegetables". Acta Hort. 163: 83–84.
- ^ Jones, D.A. (1998). "Why are so many food plants cyanogenic?". Phytochemistry 47: 155–162.
- ^ Delange F, Iteke FB, Ermans AM. Nutritional factors involved in the goitrogenic action of cassava. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 1982.
- ^ Braverman LE, Utiger RD. Werner and Ingbar's The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text, 6th Edition 1991. J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, pp. 371–2.
- ^ Verkerk, R., Schreiner, M., Krumbein, A., Ciska, E., Holst, B., Rowland, I., De Schrijver, R., Hansen, M., Gerhäuser, C., Mithen, R., and Dekker, M. 2009. "Glucosinolates in Brassica vegetables: The influence of the food supply chain on intake, bioavailability and human health." Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 53: S219-S265
- ^ Sandell, Mari A.; Breslin, Paul A.S. "Variability in a taste-receptor gene determines whether we taste toxins in food". Current Biology 16 (18): R792. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.08.049.
- ^ Harborne, J. B., Baxter, H., and Moss, J. P. 1999. Phytochemical dictionary: a handbook of bioactive compounds from plants. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor and Francis, Inc.
- ^ Pedras, M. S. C.; Montaut, S.; Suchy, M. (2004). "Phytoalexins from the crucifer rutabaga: structures, syntheses, biosyntheses, and antifungal activity". J. Org. Chem. 69: 4471–4476.
- ^ "Rutabagas". Healthaliciousness.com. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
- ^ Arnold, Bettina (2001-10-31). "Bettina Arnold – Halloween Lecture: Halloween Customs in the Celtic World". Halloween Inaugural Celebration. University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee: Center for Celtic Studies. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
- ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2002). "Festive Rights: Halloween in the British Isles". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. pp. 43, 48. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Bannatyne, Lesley Pratt (1998). Forerunners to Halloween. Pelican Publishing Company. ISBN 1-56554-346-7 p.44
- ^ "Pumpkins Passions", BBC, 31 October 2005. Retrieved on 19 October 2006. "Turnip battles with pumpkin for Hallowe'en", BBC News, 28 October 2005. Retrieved 23 September 2007.
- ^ Published on Wednesday 28 October 2009 09:07 (2009-10-28). "Get traditional with a turnip this year - Top stories - Scotsman.com". Edinburghnews.scotsman.com. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
- ^ Baxter, I. A., Schröder, M. J. A., and Bower, J. A. (1999), "The influence of socio-economic background on perceptions of vegetables among Scottish primary school children", Food Quality and Preference 10: 261–272, doi:10.1016/S0950-3293(98)00042-1
- ^ "The International Rutabaga Curl - Ithaca Farmers Market - Ithaca NY". Rutabagacurl.com. 2011-12-17. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
External links[edit source | edit]
- Alternative Field Crops Manual: Rutabaga—Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University
- "Swede", formulaforlife.com, accessed 28 March 2012
- Smillie, Susan. "Are 'neeps' swedes or turnips?", The Guardian, 25 January 2010.
|
Brassica
|
|
- Brassica carinata
- Brassica juncea
- Brassica napus
- Brassica nigra
- Brassica oleracea
- Brassica rapa
- Brassica tournefortii
- Canola
- Celery cabbage
- Choy sum
- Chinese cabbage
- Collard greens
- Kohlrabi
- Mustard plant
- Napa cabbage
- Rapini
- Rutabaga
- Spring greens
- Tatsoi
- Triangle of U
- Turnip
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