rubber tree

ゴムノキ

関

Hevea、Hevea brasiliensis

WordNet

1. small genus of South American trees yielding latex; "rubber trees are usually cultivated in plantations" (同)rubber_tree, genus Hevea
2. deciduous tree of the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers having leathery leaves and fragrant yellow-white flowers; it yields a milky juice that is the chief source of commercial rubber (同)caoutchouc tree, Hevea_brasiliensis
3. large tropical Asian tree frequently dwarfed as a houseplant; source of Assam rubber (同)India-rubber plant, India-rubber fig, rubber plant, Assam rubber, Ficus elastica
4. plant with trees; "this lot should be treed so that the house will be shaded in summer"
5. stretch (a shoe) on a shoetree (同)shoetree
6. a figure that branches from a single root; "genealogical tree" (同)tree diagram
7. a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms
8. chase an animal up a tree; "the hunters treed the bear with dogs and killed it"; "her dog likes to tree squirrels"
9. returned for lack of funds; "a rubber check"; "a no-good check" (同)no-good
10. an elastic material obtained from the latex sap of trees (especially trees of the genera Hevea and Ficus) that can be vulcanized and finished into a variety of products (同)natural_rubber, India_rubber, gum elastic, caoutchouc
11. any of various synthetic elastic materials whose properties resemble natural rubber (同)synthetic_rubber
12. English actor and theatrical producer noted for his lavish productions of Shakespeare (1853-1917) (同)Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『木』,樹木;(潅木)(bush, shrub),低木に対し)喬木,高木 / (低木や草質植物でも形が高木に似ている)木; / 木製具 / 久分かれした図;系統図;(特に)家系図(family tree) / 〈動物・人〉‘を'木に通い上げる
2. (またIndia rubber)〈U〉ゴム / 《複数形で》《米》オーバーシューズ(靴の上にはくゴムの防水靴);《英》(ロッククライミング用の)スニーカー / 〈C〉《英》ゴムの製品,消しゴム / 〈C〉こする物 / 〈C〉マッサージ師 / 〈C〉《米俗》コンドーム / ゴム製の
3. (カードゲームで)ブリッジの三番勝負 / (三番勝負の)決勝戦

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/21 09:42:00」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For the common ornamental plant, see Ficus elastica.

Rubber tree
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Malpighiales
Family:	Euphorbiaceae
Subfamily:	Crotonoideae
Tribe:	Micrandreae
Subtribe:	Heveinae
Genus:	Hevea
Species:	H. brasiliensis
Binomial name
Hevea brasiliensis Müll.Arg.

Hevea brasiliensis, the Pará rubber tree, sharinga tree, or, most commonly, the rubber tree, is a tree belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is the most economically important member of the genus Hevea. It is of major economic importance because the milky latex extracted from the tree is the primary source of natural rubber.

Rubber tree plantation

Rubber tree seeds

In the wild, the tree can reach a height of up to 100 feet (30 m). The white or yellow latex occurs in latex vessels in the bark, mostly outside the phloem. These vessels spiral up the tree in a right-handed helix which forms an angle of about 30 degrees with the horizontal, and can grow as high as 45 ft.

In plantations, the trees are generally smaller for two reasons: 1) Trees grow more slowly when they are tapped for latex, and 2) trees are generally cut after 30 years because latex production declines as trees age, and they are no longer economically viable.

The tree requires a tropical or subtropical climate with a minimum of about 1200 mm/yr of rainfall, and without frost. If frost does occur, the results can be disastrous for production. One frost can cause the rubber from an entire plantation to become brittle and break once it has been refined.

Latex tapping

Main article: Rubber tapping

Rubber tree trunk

Latex being collected from an incised rubber tree and a bucket of collected latex

Harvesters make incisions across the latex vessels, just deep enough to tap the vessels without harming the tree's growth, and the latex is collected in small buckets. This process is known as rubber tapping. Latex production is highly variable from tree to tree and across clone types.

Wood harvesting

Main article: Rubberwood

As latex production declines with age, rubber trees are generally felled when they reach the age of 25 to 30 years. The earlier practice was to burn the trees, but in recent decades, the wood has been harvested for furniture making.

History

The Pará rubber tree initially grew only in the Amazon Rainforest. Increasing demand and the discovery of the vulcanization procedure in 1839 led to the rubber boom in that region, enriching the cities of Belém and Manaus. The name of the tree derives from Pará, the second-largest Brazilian state, the capital of which is Belém.

These trees were used to obtain rubber by the natives who inhabited its geographical distribution. The Olmec people of Mesoamerica extracted and produced similar forms of primitive rubber from analogous latex-producing trees such as Castilla elastica as early as 3600 years ago. The rubber was used, among other things, to make the balls used in the Mesoamerican ballgame. Early attempts were made in 1873 to grow H. brasilensis outside Brazil. After some effort, 12 seedlings were germinated at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. These were sent to India for cultivation, but died. A second attempt was then made, some 70,000 seeds being smuggled to Kew in 1875, by Henry Wickham, at the service of the British Empire. About 4% of these germinated, and in 1876, about 2000 seedlings were sent, in Wardian cases, to Ceylon (modern day Sri Lanka) and 22 were sent to the Botanic Gardens in Singapore. Once established outside its native country, rubber was extensively propagated in the British colonies. Rubber trees were brought to the botanical gardens at Buitenzorg, Java, in 1883. By 1898, a rubber plantation had been established in Malaya, and today, most rubber tree plantations are in South and Southeast Asia, with some also in tropical West Africa.

Efforts to cultivate the tree in South America (Amazon) were unsatisfactory because of blight. The blight, called South American leaf blight, is caused by the Ascomycota, Microcyclus ulei or Pseudocercospora ulei.

Environmental concerns

The toxicity of arsenic to insects, bacteria, and fungi has led to the heavy use of arsenic trioxide on rubber plantations, especially in Malaysia.

The majority of the rubber trees in Southeast Asia are clones of varieties highly susceptible to the South American leaf blight--Microcyclus ulei. For these reasons, environmental historian Charles C. Mann, in his 2011 book, 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created, predicts that the Southeast Asian rubber plantations will be ravaged by the blight in the not-too-distant future, thus creating a potential calamity for international industry (p275-278).

Synonyms

The genus Hevea is also known as:

• Caoutchoua J.F.Gmel.
• Micrandra Benn. & R.Br.
• Siphonanthus Schreb. ex Baill.
• Siphonia D.Richard ex Schreb.
• Siphopnicna F.Jansen ex Schreb.

Gallery

• Rubber tree plantation in Phuket, Thailand

• Leaves of a Pará rubber tree

• Mindanao, Philippines, plantation worker

• Rubber tree in Malaysia

• Fruits and seeds of a rubber tree

See also

• Castilla elastica - the principal source of latex rubber among the pre-Columbian MesoAmerican peoples
• List of plants of Amazon Rainforest vegetation of Brazil
• Rubberwood
• Rubber seed oil
• Red Rubber Scandal - was one of the first humanitarian global campaigns but concerned the rubber vine species

Notes

References

• Brazilian Association of Rubber Goods - ABIARB
• National Association Tire Industry - ANIP (Brazil)
• Sao Paulo's Association of Rubber Producers and Processors - APABOR (Brazil)
• Bio ecological production of rubber without fertilizing in Malaysia - BioRubber
• Brazilian Natural Rubber
• LATEKS magazine (Brazil)
• Seringueira.com - Brazilian rubber tree consulting

Further references

• Zhang, J., Huss, V.A.R., Sun, X., Chang, K. and Pan, D. 2008. Morphology and phylogenetic position of a trebouxiophycean green algae (Chlorophyta) growing on the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, with the description of a new genus and species. Eur. J. Phycol. 43(2): 185 - 193.

External links

• Extraction of Rubber on YouTube

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Enhanced Phytoremediation of Crude Oil-Polluted Soil by Four Plant Species: Effect of Inorganic and Organic Bioaugumentation.

• Nwaichi EO1,2, Frac M2, Nwoha PA1, Eragbor P1.
• International journal of phytoremediation.Int J Phytoremediation.2015 Dec 2;17(12):1253-1261.
• A field experiment investigating the removal and/or uptake of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and specific metals (As, Cd, Cr) from a crude oil polluted agricultural soil was performed during the 2013 wet season using four plant species: Fimbristylis littoralis, Hevea brasilensis (Rubber pla
• PMID 26090948

• Quantifying above- and belowground biomass carbon loss with forest conversion in tropical lowlands of Sumatra (Indonesia).

• Kotowska MM1, Leuschner C1, Triadiati T2, Meriem S2, Hertel D1.
• Global change biology.Glob Chang Biol.2015 Oct;21(10):3620-34. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12979. Epub 2015 Aug 13.
• Natural forests in South-East Asia have been extensively converted into other land-use systems in the past decades and still show high deforestation rates. Historically, lowland forests have been converted into rubber forests, but more recently, the dominant conversion is into oil palm plantations.
• PMID 25980371

• A class III chitinase without disulfide bonds from the fern, Pteris ryukyuensis: crystal structure and ligand-binding studies.

• Kitaoku Y1, Umemoto N, Ohnuma T, Numata T, Taira T, Sakuda S, Fukamizo T.
• Planta.Planta.2015 Oct;242(4):895-907. doi: 10.1007/s00425-015-2330-4. Epub 2015 May 22.
• MAIN CONCLUSION: We first solved the crystal structure of class III catalytic domain of a chitinase from fern (PrChiA-cat), and found a structural difference between PrChiA-cat and hevamine. PrChiA-cat was found to have reduced affinities to chitin oligosaccharides and allosamidin. Plant class III c
• PMID 25998529

Japanese Journal

• 焼畑農地のパラゴムノキ林転換には気候変化を緩和する機能があるか? : 北部ラオスにおける事例研究

• 清野 嘉之,古家 直行,藤田 直子 [他]
• 森林総合研究所研究報告 = Bulletin of the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute 13(3), 79-88, 2014-09
• NAID 40020233201

• ドゥスン族の焼畑用地の利用パターンの変化

• 三浦 哲也,Tetsuya Miura
• 育英短期大学研究紀要 (31), 45-55, 2014-03
• NAID 120005426636

• Expansion of Rubber Tree Plantation in Northern Laos : Economic and Environmental Consequences <Review>

• LUANGMANY Duangmany,KANEKO Shinji
• 国際協力研究誌 19(3), 1-13, 2013-03
• … Rubber trees have been planted in the Northern Province of Laos since the mid-1990s, with tapping beginning in early 2000s. … Consequently, livelihoods in the upland of northern Laos have rapidly moved away from subsistence shifting cultivation to rubber tree plantations. … As a result, the total area of rubber tree plantations in Laos has drastically increased from 342 ha in the early 1990s to more than 25,000 ha in 2009. …
• NAID 120005324920

Related Links

• Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis) | Rainforest Alliance

In the wild, the rubber tree will grow to heights of 100 to 130 feet, and can live up to 100 years. Its most famous feature is the milky white sap, known as latex, which flows freely from the tree when a sliver of bark is removed. A rubber ...

• Information On Growing Rubber Tree Houseplants

A rubber tree plant is isn't as difficult to grow and care for as one might think. The following article provides tips that will help with the care of a rubber tree plant. Click here for more information.

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Hevea」「ゴムノキ」「Hevea brasiliensis」
関連記事	「tree」「rubber」

「Hevea」

　　[★]

ヘベア属、ヘウェア属、Hevea属

関

Hevea brasiliensis、rubber tree

　

「ゴムノキ」

　　[★]

英

rubber tree

関

ヘウェア属、パラゴムノキ

「Hevea brasiliensis」

　　[★]

パラゴムノキ

関

Hevea、rubber tree

「tree」

　　[★]

• n.

• 樹木

関

forest

PHP

ツリーの作り方

(1) tree

(2) drree

(3) find . -type d|sort|sed -ne'1b;s/[^\/]*\//+--/g;s/+--+/| +/g;s/+--+/| +/g;s/+--|/| |/g;p'

　 　 　 　 　 　

「rubber」

　　[★]

• n.

• ゴム、コンドーム

関

condom、natural rubber