関: grain filling、maturation、maturational、mature、maturing

WordNet

acquiring desirable qualities by being left undisturbed for some time (同)aging, ageing
having reached full natural growth or development; "a mature cell"
develop and reach maturity; undergo maturation; "He matured fast"; "The child grew fast" (同)maturate, grow
fully considered and perfected; "mature plans" (同)matured
become due for repayment; "These bonds mature in 2005"
characteristic of maturity; "mature for her age"
develop and work out fully in ones mind; "I need to mature my thoughts"
coming to full development; becoming mature (同)ripening, maturement
relating to or involved in maturation; "maturational process"
of plants that ripen in the fall

PrepTutorEJDIC

『成熟した』,十分に成長した,熟成した / おとなを思わせる,円熟した / 熟慮した,吟味した / (請求書・手形などが)支払い期日が来た / 成熟する;〈果実・ワインなどが〉熟す / 〈手形などが〉支払い期日が来る / …‘を'償させる;…‘を'円熟させる
成熟,円熟

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/07/23 21:19:08」(JST)

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Blackberries at various stages of ripeness: unripe (green), ripening (pink and red), and ripe (black)

Ripening dates on a phoenix dactylifera.

This lemon turns yellow as it ripens.

Ripe lemons.

Ripening is a process in fruits that causes them to become more palatable. In general, fruit becomes sweeter, less green, and softer as it ripens. Even though the acidity of fruit increases as it ripens, the higher acidity level does not make the fruit seem tarter. This is attributed to the Brix-Acid Ratio.^{[citation needed]}

Ripening agents

Ripening agents speed up the ripening process.

They allow many fruits to be picked prior to full ripening, which is useful, since ripened fruits do not ship well. For example, bananas are picked when green and artificially ripened after shipment by being gassed with ethylene.

Calcium carbide is also used in some countries for artificially ripening fruit. When calcium carbide comes in contact with moisture, it produces acetylene gas, which is quite similar in its effects to the natural ripening agent, ethylene. Acetylene acts like ethylene and accelerates the ripening process. Industrial-grade calcium carbide may also contain traces of arsenic and phosphorus which makes it a human health concern.^[1] The use of this chemical for this purpose is illegal in most countries.^[2]^[3]^{[not in citation given]}

Catalytic generators are used to produce ethylene gas simply and safely. Ethylene sensors can be used to precisely control the amount of gas.

Covered fruit ripening bowls are commercially available. The manufacturers claim the bowls increase the amount of ethylene and carbon dioxide gases around the fruit, which promotes ripening.

Climacteric fruits are able to continue ripening after being picked, a process accelerated by ethylene gas. Non-climacteric fruits can ripen only on the plant and thus have a short shelf life if harvested when they are ripe.

Some fruits can be ripened by placing them in a plastic bag with a ripe banana.^{[citation needed]}

Ripening indicators

Iodine (I) can be used to determine whether fruit is ripening or rotting by showing whether the starch in the fruit has turned into sugar. For example, a drop of iodine on a slightly rotten part (not the skin) of an apple will stay yellow or orange, since starch is no longer present. If the iodine is applied and takes 2–3 seconds to turn dark blue or black, then the process of ripening has begun but is not yet complete. If the iodine becomes black immediately, then most of the starch is still present at high concentrations in the sample, and hence the fruit hasn't fully started to ripen.

Ripening stages

Climacteric fruits undergo a number of changes during fruit ripening. The major changes include fruit softening, sweetening, decreased bitterness, and colour change. Colour change is the result of pigments, which were always present in the fruit, becoming visible when chlorophyll is degraded.^[4] However, additional pigments are also produced by the fruit as it ripens.^[5]

In fruit, the cell walls are mainly composed of polysaccharides including pectin. During ripening, a lot of the pectin is converted from a water-insoluble form to a soluble one by certain degrading enzymes.^[6] These enzymes include polygalacturonase.^[4] This means that the fruit will become less firm as the structure of the fruit is degraded.

Enzymatic breakdown and hydrolysis of storage polysaccharides occurs during ripening.^[4] The main storage polysaccharides include starch.^[4] These are broken down into shorter, water-soluble molecules such as fructose, glucose and sucrose.^[7] During fruit ripening, gluconeogenesis also increases.^[4]

Acids are broken down in ripening fruits^[7] and this contributes to the sweeter rather than sharp tastes associated with unripe fruits. In some fruits such as guava, there is a steady decrease in vitamin C as the fruit ripens.^[8] This is mainly as a result of the general decrease in acid content that occurs when a fruit ripens.^[4]

Different fruit have different ripening stages. In tomatoes the ripening stages are:

Green: When the surface of the tomato is completely green
Breaker: When less than 10% of the surface is red
Turning: When less than 30% of the surface is red (but no less than 10%)
Pink: When less than 60% of the surface is red (but no less than 30%)
Light Red: When less than 90% of the surface is red (but no less than 60%)
Red: When the surface is nearly completely red.^[9]

List of ripening and non-ripening fruits

This is a list of fruits that are ripening and non-ripening after picking.

Ripening

Apricot
Avocado, mature on the tree, but only ripen after being picked
Banana
Cantaloupe
Guava
Honeydew melon
Kiwifruit
Mango
Nectarine
Papaya
Passionfruit
Peach
Pear
Persimmon
Plum
Tomato
Date
Mulberry

Non-ripening

Apple
Berries:
- Blackberry
- Blackcurrant
- Blueberry
- Gooseberry
- Raspberry
- Strawberry
Cherry
Fig
Grape
Olive
Rambutan
Summer squash
Watermelon^{[citation needed]}
Coconut
Citrus
Pineapple
Pomegranate

References

^ Per, Hüseyin; Kurtoğlu, Selim; Yağmur, Fatih; Gümüş, Hakan; Kumandaş, Sefer; Poyrazoğlu, M. Hakan (2007). "Calcium carbide poisoning via food in childhood". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 32 (2): 179–80. PMID 17307629. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2006.05.049.
^ "Bet on it. Your mango is ripened using carbide". dnaindia.com. May 18, 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
^ "The toxic truth about ripe mangoes". Indian Express. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Prasanna, V.; Prabha, T.N.; Tharanathan, R.N. (2007). "Fruit ripening phenomena-an overview". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 47 (1): 1–19. PMID 17364693. doi:10.1080/10408390600976841.
^ Atwell, Brian J.; Kriedemann, Paul E.; Turnbull, Colin G.N., eds. (1999). "11.5.5 Colour and flavour". Plants in Action: Adaptation in Nature, Performance in Cultivation. Macmillan Education Australia. ISBN 0732944392.
^ Xuewu Duana; Guiping Chenga; En Yanga; Chun Yia; Neungnapa Ruenroengklina; Wangjin Lub; Yunbo Luoc; Yueming Jiang (November 2008). "Modification of pectin polysaccharides during ripening of postharvest banana fruit". Food Chemistry. 111 (1): 144–9. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.03.049.
^ ^a ^b Medlicott, A.P.; Thompson, A.K. (1985). "Analysis of sugars and organic acids in ripening mango fruits (Mangifera indica L. var Keitt) by high performance liquid chromatography". J. Sci. Food Agric. 36 (7): 561–6. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740360707.
^ Bashir, H.A.; Abu-Goukh, A.A. (2003). "Compositional changes during guava fruit ripening". Food Chemistry. 80 (4): 557–563. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.03.049.
^ "Guide to ripening stages" (PDF). Lagorio family companies.

External links

Koning, Ross E. (1994). "Fruit Ripening". Plant Physiology Information Website. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.
Oetiker, J.H.; Yang, S.F. (1995). "The role of ethylene in fruit ripening". Acta Horticulturae. 398 (398): 167–178. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.1995.398.17.
Burg SP, Burg EA (March 1962). "Role of Ethylene in Fruit Ripening". Plant Physiol. 37 (2): 179–89. PMC 549760 . PMID 16655629. doi:10.1104/pp.37.2.179.
Chu, Michael. "Fruit Ripening: Fruits which ripen after harvest". Cooking For Engineers.

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