WordNet

pertaining to respiration; "respiratory assistance"
a breathing device for administering long-term artificial respiration (同)inhalator
a herniation through the muscular wall of a tubular organ (especially the colon)

PrepTutorEJDIC

呼吸の,呼吸作用の,呼吸のための
《米》人工呼吸装置 / (一般に)マスク;防毒マスク

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/02/04 07:08:34」(JST)

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The respiratory bud is an embryological structure of endodermal origin that develops into organs of the respiratory system, such as the larynx, trachea and lungs.

Early stage

In the fourth week of development, the respiratory bud or diverticulum,^[1] starts to grow from the ventral (front) side of the foregut into the mesoderm that surrounds it, forming the lung bud. Around the 28th day, the lung bud splits into two bronchial buds^[1] that develop on the sides of the distal part of the respiratory bud and begin to grow laterally, expanding into the primitive pleural cavity.^[2]

Molecular signaling

The molecular signaling involved in the specification of the respiratory bud starts with the expression of the Nbx2-1 gene, which determines the respiratory field – the area where the respiratory bud will begin to grow from. The signaling that makes the growth of the respiratory bud possible is complex and involves a number of interactions between the mesoderm and the respiratory bud epithelium, in which members of the Fgf and Fgfr family of genes express.^[3]

Separation of trachea and esophagus

At first, the posterior part of the trachea is open to the esophagus, but as the bud elongates two longitudinal mesodermal ridges begin to form and grow until they join, forming a wall between the two organs. An incomplete separation of the organs leads to a congenital abnormality known as a tracheoesophageal fistula.^[2]

Larynx development

The epithelium of the larynx is of endodermal origin, but the laryngeal cartilages, unlike the rest of the respiratory bud connective tissue, come from the mesenchyme of the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches. The fourth pharyngeal arch, adjacent to what will be the root of the tongue, will become the epiglottis. The sixth pharyngeal arch, located around the laryngeal orifice, will become the thyroid, cricoid and arytenoid cartilages. These structures are formed in a process in which the lining cells of the primitive larynx proliferate and occlude it. Later, it recanalizes leaving two membrane-like structures: the vocal folds and the vestibular folds. In between, an enlarged space, the ventricle, remains.^[2] Failure in this process leads to a serious but rare condition called congenital atresia of the larynx.^[4]

Later development

After the lung buds have formed, they begin to grow and branch forming a primitive version of the bronchial tree, determining how the lobes of the lung will be arranged in the mature organ.^[2] The first stage of alveolar development, spanning between the fifth and the 16th week of development, is called the pseudoglandular stage.^[5] It is so called because of the histological appearance of the primitive alveoli, which resemble glandular tissue. After the pseudoglandular stage, the lung enters the canalicular and saccular phases. During these stages, the terminal tubes narrow and give rise to small saccules, which become increasingly associated with capillaries as to make gas exchange possible. The alveolar epithelium begins to differentiate into two distinct types of cells: type I pneumocytes and type II pneumocytes, as well as the respiratory epithelium of the trachea and bronchial tree.^[6]

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

^ ^a ^b Larsen, William J. (2001). Human embryology (3. ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Churchill Livingstone. p. 143. ISBN 0-443-06583-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sadler, Thomas W. (2012). Langman's Medical Embryology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-14-51113-42-6.
^ Cardoso, W.V. and Kotton, D.N., Specification and patterning of the respiratory system (July 16, 2008), StemBook, ed. The Stem Cell Research Community, StemBook, doi/10.3824/stembook.1.10.1
^ Smith II, Bain AD. (1965). "Congenital atresia of the larynx" (PDF). Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 74 (2): 338–349. doi:10.1177/000348946507400205.
^ Phases of lung development
^ Morrisey EE, Hogan BL (2010). "Preparing for the first breath: genetic and cellular mechanisms in lung development.". Developmental Cell. 18 (1): 8–23. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2009.12.010. PMC 3736813. PMID 20152174.

External links

digest-012a—Embryo Images at University of North Carolina
digest-013—Embryo Images at University of North Carolina
Swiss embryology (from UL, UB, and UF) rrespiratory/phasen02
Histology at med.unsw.edu.au
Diagram at chronolab.com

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人の急性呼吸不全への非侵襲的換気療法 noninvasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure in adults
2. 慢性閉塞性肺疾患（COPD）における呼吸筋のトレーニングおよび安静 respiratory muscle training and resting in copd
3. 小児の急性呼吸窮迫症：緊急評価と初期対応 acute respiratory distress in children emergency evaluation and initial stabilization
4. RSウイルス感染：臨床的特徴および診断 respiratory syncytial virus infection clinical features and diagnosis
5. 小児における急性呼吸窮迫の原因 causes of acute respiratory distress in children

English Journal

A Rarely Seen Complication That Causes Increase in Morbidity in Tetraplegic Patients: Zenker Diverticula.

Kiraç Ünal Z1, Umay E, Gündoğdu İ, Tombak Y, Çakci A.
American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation.Am J Phys Med Rehabil.2017 Jan 9. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000679. [Epub ahead of print]
Although spinal cord injury (SCI) damages the spinal cord, physiological changes due to SCI can affect many organs and systems of the human body. While respiratory problems are common following cervical SCI, dysphagia is a relatively uncommon secondary complication that occurs after cervical SCI. We
PMID 28081029

Mounier-Kuhn syndrome (tracheobronchomegaly): An analysis of eleven cases.

Akgedik R1, Karamanli H2, Kizilirmak D3, Kurt AB4, Öztürk H4, Yildirim BB1, Çakir L5.
The clinical respiratory journal.Clin Respir J.2016 Dec 27. doi: 10.1111/crj.12600. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Mounier-Kuhn syndrome (MKS) is a congenital disorder characterized by tracheobronchomegaly resulting from the absence of elastic fibers in the trachea and main bronchi or atrophy and thinning of the smooth muscle layer. In this syndrome, dead space associated with tracheobronchom
PMID 28026118

[Epiphrenic oesophageal diverticulum with an oesophagobronchial fistula resulting in a lung abscess].

Børgager M1, Andos S, Durup J, Licht PB.
Ugeskrift for laeger.Ugeskr Laeger.2016 Nov 21;178(47). pii: V07160523.
Epiphrenic oesophageal diverticula are rare and often asymptomatic. In this case report a 58-year-old woman was diagnosed with an epiphrenic oesophageal diverticulum, which developed an oesophagobronchial fistula leading to a pulmonary abscess in the right lower lobe, septicaemia and acute respirato
PMID 27908313

Japanese Journal

症例報告異物の長期停留に伴う呼吸不全を契機に診断された先天性食道憩室

日本小児科学会雑誌 = The journal of the Japan Pediatric Society 120(1), 66-71, 2016-01
NAID 40020714288

成人の肺形成不全症（adult aplasia of the lung）の1例

気管支学 38(2), 84-89, 2016
NAID 130005141832

腎摘除術を契機にKommerell憩室瘤増大による気管狭窄をきたし死亡した腹膜透析患者の1例

日本透析医学会雑誌 49(3), 247-252, 2016
NAID 130005139447

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「呼吸器憩室」
関連記事	「respiratory」

「呼吸器憩室」

Respiratory bud
	Lung buds from a human embryo of about four weeks, showing commencing lobulations.
	Lungs of a human embryo more advanced in development.
Details
Days	28
Precursor	Ventral part of the Foregut
Identifiers
Latin	Gemma respiratoria,; gemma pulmonalis
Code	TE E5.5.3.0.0.0.3
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: respiratory diverticulum
関: 肺芽
関: 気管食道稜、気管食道瘻

「respiratory」

　　[★]

adj.

呼吸の、呼吸器の、呼吸性の

関: breath、breathe、breathing、respiration、respiratory mechanics、respiratory organ、respiratory tract

[Larsen-1] Larsen, William J. (2001). Human embryology (3. ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Churchill Livingstone. p. 143. ISBN 0-443-06583-7.

[Langman-2] Sadler, Thomas W. (2012). Langman's Medical Embryology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-14-51113-42-6.

[Cardoso-Kotton-3] Cardoso, W.V. and Kotton, D.N., Specification and patterning of the respiratory system (July 16, 2008), StemBook, ed. The Stem Cell Research Community, StemBook, doi/10.3824/stembook.1.10.1

[atresia-4] Smith II, Bain AD. (1965). "Congenital atresia of the larynx" (PDF). Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 74 (2): 338–349. doi:10.1177/000348946507400205.

[embryology.ch-5] Phases of lung development

[Morrisey-Hogan-6] Morrisey EE, Hogan BL (2010). "Preparing for the first breath: genetic and cellular mechanisms in lung development.". Developmental Cell. 18 (1): 8–23. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2009.12.010. PMC 3736813. PMID 20152174.

v t e Development of the respiratory system

Upper	Nasal placode

Lower	Lungs Laryngotracheal groove Respiratory bud

匿名

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案内

案内

respiratory diverticulum