WordNet

a thin coating of metal deposited on a surface (同)metal_plating
the application of a thin coat of metal (as by electrolysis)
copy that is not the original; something that has been copied (同)replication, reproduction

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(金・銀などの)めっき / (船・乗物などの鋼鉄板の)被復,装甲
(原作者が作った)原作の写し / 模写,複製(copy),模型

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/11/14 18:50:37」(JST)

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Negative selection through replica plating to screen for ampicillin sensitive colonies

In molecular biology and microbiology, replica plating is a technique in which one or more secondary Petri plates containing different solid (agar-based) selective growth media (lacking nutrients or containing chemical growth inhibitors such as antibiotics) are inoculated with the same colonies of microorganisms from a primary plate (or master dish), reproducing the original spatial pattern of colonies. The technique involves pressing a velveteen-covered disk, and then imprinting secondary plates with cells in colonies removed from the original plate by the material. Generally, large numbers of colonies (roughly 30-300) are replica plated due to the difficulty in streaking each out individually onto a separate plate.

The purpose of replica plating is to be able to compare the master plate and any secondary plates, typically to screen for a desired phenotype. For example, when a colony that was present on the primary plate(or master dish), fails to appear on a secondary plate, it shows that the colony was sensitive to a substance on that particular secondary plate. Common screenable phenotypes include auxotrophy and antibiotic resistance.

Replica plating is especially useful for "negative selection". However, it is more correct to refer to "negative screening" instead of using the term 'selection'. For example, if one wanted to select colonies that were sensitive to ampicillin, the primary plate could be replica plated on a secondary Amp⁺ agar plate . The sensitive colonies on the secondary plate would die but the colonies could still be deduced from the primary plate since the two have the same spatial patterns from ampicillin resistant colonies. The sensitive colonies could then be picked off from the primary plate. Frequently the last plate will be non-selective. In the figure, a nonselective plate will be replica plated after the Amp+ plate to confirm that the absence of growth on the selective plate is due to the selection itself and not a problem with transferring cells. If one sees growth on the third (nonselective) plate but not the second one, the selective agent is responsible for the lack of growth. If the non-selective plate shows no growth, one cannot say whether viable cells were transferred at all, and no conclusions can be made about the presence or absence of growth on selective media. This is particularly useful if there are questions about the age or viability of the cells on the original plate.

By increasing the variety of secondary plates with different selective growth media, it is possible to rapidly screen a large number of individual isolated colonies for as many phenotypes as there are secondary plates.

The development of replica plating required two steps. The first step was to define the problem: a method of identifiably duplicating colonies. The second step was to devise a means to reliably implement the first step. Replica plating was first described by Esther Lederberg and Joshua Lederberg in 1952.^[1] However, Joshua Lederberg notes that the first step of defining the problem had been done by others before him.^[2] Several attempts were made to solve the second step. More precisely:

sterilized toothpicks (Ed. Tatum)
prongs of a wire brush (A. Novick, L. Szilard)
filter paper (N. Visconti)

The second step, implementation using velveteen cloth, with the little points of cloth acting as inoculating needles, was performed by Esther Lederberg.^[3]

References[edit]

^ Lederberg, J and Lederberg, EM (1952) Replica plating and indirect selection of bacterial mutants. J Bacteriol. 63: 399–406. (Full text)
^ http://www.esthermlederberg.com/Theft/Intellectual%20Theft%20(Dishonesty2)/NLM%20Pirated%20Correspondence/NLMPiratedIndex.html; click Special Topics > Joshua Lederberg Interviews > U of Wisconsin-Madison Oral History Project. See page 27.
^ http://www.esthermlederberg.com/Censorship/CensorshipIndex.html; click Special Topics > Replica Plating

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English Journal

Topography of Distinct Staphylococcus aureus Types in Chronic Wounds of Patients with Epidermolysis Bullosa.

van der Kooi-Pol MM, Sadaghian Sadabad M, Duipmans JC, Sabat AJ, Stobernack T, Omansen TF, Westerhout-Pluister GN, Jonkman MF, Harmsen HJ, van Dijl JM.SourceDepartment of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
PloS one.PLoS One.2013 Jun 25;8(6):e67272. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067272. Print 2013.
The opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is known to interfere with wound healing and represents a significant risk factor for wound infections and invasive disease. It is generally assumed that one individual is predominantly colonized by one S. aureus type. Nevertheless, patients with the
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Non-invasive in situ monitoring and quantification of TOL plasmid segregational loss within Pseudomonas putida biofilms.

Ma H, Katzenmeyer KN, Bryers JD.SourceDepartment of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195.
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Methods for the detection of plasmid loss in natural environments have typically relied on replica plating, selective markers and PCR. However, these traditional methods have the limitations of low sensitivity, underestimation of specific cell populations, and lack of insightful data for non-homogen
PMID 23633286

Xer-cise in Helicobacter pylori: one-step transformation for the construction of markerless gene deletions.

Debowski AW, Gauntlett JC, Li H, Liao T, Sehnal M, Nilsson HO, Marshall BJ, Benghezal M.SourceOndek Pty Ltd. and Helicobacter pylori Research Laboratory, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Discipline of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Japanese Journal

Micromolding for three-dimensional metal microstructures using stereolithography of photopolymerized resin

Mukai Kohki,Kitayama Shinya,Kawajiri ?Yasunobu,Maruo Shoji
Microelectronic engineering. 86(4-6), 1169-1172, 2009
… The electroless plating of palladium with a purity of 93 - 97% was realized on photopolymerized resin with a view to realizing a shape memory alloy. … A copper replica was successfully extracted from a resin mold by using heat treatment. …
NAID 120004680479

Fabrication of Stainless Steel Mold Using Electrochemical Fabrication Method for Microfluidic Biochip

Cho Min-Soo,Lim Hyun-Woo,Lee Caroline Sunyong [他],Cho Byung-Ki,Park Jin-Goo
Jpn J Appl Phys 47(6), 5217-5220, 2008-06-25
… A new micro fabrication method termed electrochemical fabrication (ECF) is introduced to overcome conventional problems of electrical discharge machining (EDM), FeCl3 Wet etching, laser method, electro plating, such as low reliability and reproducibility, high cost. … Plastic replica was fabricated successfully using the ECF-SUS mold. …
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Micromolding of three-dimensional metal structures by electroless plating of photopolymerized resin

Mukai Kohki,Yoshimura Toshiya,Maruo Shoji
Japanese journal of applied physics. Pt. 1, Regular papers & short not 46(4B), 2761-2763, 2007-04-30
… The process consists of four steps: the fabrication of a resin mold by photopolymerization, the electroless plating of the mold, the electrolytic grinding to expose a metal inside the mold, and the extraction of the structure. … X-ray fluorescence measurements indicated the high purity of the nickel replica. …
NAID 150000048686