WordNet

have sovereign power; "Henry VIII reigned for a long time"
royal authority; the dominion of a monarch (同)sovereignty
a period during which something or somebody is dominant or powerful; "he was helpless under the reign of his egotism"
the period during which a monarch is sovereign; "during the reign of Henry VIII"
government free from external control
the authority of a state to govern another state
the quality of being alien or not native; "the strangeness of a foreigner" (同)strangeness, curiousness
a government minister for foreign relations (同)secretary_of_state

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(君主などによる)『統治』,『支配』 / 〈娩〉統治期間,治世,御代(みと) / 〈人が〉(…を)『統治する』,支配する,(…に)君臨する《+『over』+『名』》 / 〈物事が〉勢力をふるう,行き渡る(prevail)
主権,統治権 / 主権者の身分(支配権,権力)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/01 19:38:00」(JST)

wiki en

A reign is the period of a person's or dynasty's occupation of the office of monarch of a nation (e.g., Saudi Arabia, Belgium, Andorra), of a people (e.g., the Franks, the Zulus) or of a spiritual community (e.g., Roman Catholicism, Tibetan Buddhism, Nizari Ismailism). In most hereditary monarchies and some elective monarchies (e.g., Holy Roman Empire) there have been no limits on the duration of a sovereign's reign or incumbency, nor is there a term of office. Thus, a reign usually lasts until the monarch dies, unless the monarchy itself is abolished or the monarch abdicates or is deposed.

In elective monarchies, there may be a fixed period of time for the duration of the monarch's tenure in office (e.g., Malaysia).

The term of a reign can be indicated with the abbreviation "r." after a sovereign's name, such as the following:

George VI, King of the United Kingdom (r. 1936–1952)

Regnal periods

Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom reigned from 1837 to 1901.
King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy reigned from 1900 to 1946.
Pope John XXIII reigned from 1958 to 1963.
King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand reigns from 1946 to present.
Emperor Akihito of Japan reigns from 1989 to present.

A reign can be ended in three ways:

death
abdication
abolition of the office

Abdications

Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria, King of Hungary and Bohemia, King of Lombardy-Venetia (r. 1835-1848) was abdicated due to his disabilities (feeble-mindedness and epilepsy). His successor, Emperor Franz Josef (r. 1848–1916) reigned for 68 years.

King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom reigned from January to December 1936 before he abdicated the throne. After his abdication he became known as the Duke of Windsor. No other monarch of the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland or the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has ever abdicated, though forced abdications did occur on rare occasions in the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland prior to their merger in 1707.
Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands reigned from 1890 to 1948, before abdicating in favor of her daughter, Queen Juliana who did herself. Juliana then reigned until 1980 when she abdicated in favor of her daughter, Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands. Beatrix would follow suit and she abdicated in 2013 in favour of her son and heir apparent, King Willem-Alexander.

Abolitions

King Constantine II of Greece reigned from 1963 until the abolition of the Greek monarchy in 1973.
King Humbert II of Italy reigned for only a few weeks in 1946 before the abolition of the Italian Monarchy.
Tsar Nicholas II of Russia reigned from 1894 to 1917 during the Russian Revolution when he was forced to abdicate and the Russian Empire was overthrown.
King Louis XVI of France reigned from the 1770s until the overthrow of the monarchy in 1792 and his execution the following year.
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran reigned for more than 37 years (1941–1979) until he fled during the Iranian Revolution, which replaced 2500 years of monarchy with the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Shah died the following year and is buried in Cairo.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 化学テロ：化学兵器への曝露の診断および治療 chemical terrorism diagnosis and treatment of exposure to chemical weapons

English Journal

Savile's 50 year reign of abuse spanned 28 NHS hospitals, investigation finds.

Torjesen I.
BMJ (Clinical research ed.).BMJ.2014 Jun 27;348:g4319. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g4319.
PMID 24972906

An Asclepiad family - The Chamberlens and DeLaunes, 1569-1792: Five generations of surgeons, physicians, accoucheurs and apothecaries.

Russell L.
Journal of medical biography.J Med Biogr.2014 Jun 26. pii: 0967772014537150. [Epub ahead of print]
When in 1747 Dr Peter Chamberlen wrote in his apologia, 'A Voice in Rhama', that he was nursed up (as from the Cradle) to all Parts of Physick, and that in Asclepiad-Families, he was not referring simply to his father and uncle, the Peters (Younger and Elder) Chamberlen of obstetric forceps' fame. T
PMID 24972618

A Glimpse into the process of gaining permission for the educational dissection of human cadavers in the Ottoman empire.

Akkin SM1, Dinc G.
Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.).Clin Anat.2014 Jun 10. doi: 10.1002/ca.22421. [Epub ahead of print]
Dissection of the human body for educational purposes became officially permitted in the Ottoman Empire only after a long, difficult process. In the West, studies based on the findings of Galen had been taboo during a long period in which dissection of human bodies had been prohibited. Although the
PMID 24913319

Evidence for topographic guidance of dopaminergic axons by differential Netrin-1 expression in the striatum.

Li J1, Duarte T2, Kocabas A2, Works M1, McConnell SK1, Hynes MA3.
Molecular and cellular neurosciences.Mol Cell Neurosci.2014 May 24;61C:85-96. doi: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.05.003. [Epub ahead of print]
There are two main subgroups of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons: the more medially located ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons, which have axons that innervate the ventral-lateral (VL) striatum, and the more laterally located substantia nigra (SN) DA neurons, which preferentially degenerate i
PMID 24867253

Japanese Journal

1730年代のロシアにおける地方行政官人事

田中良英
宮城教育大学紀要 = Bulletin of Miyagi University of Education 49, 63-77, 2015-01-28
… Although her reign has not been so seriously studied because of its low assessment as a "dark age" in the Russian history, we think that it can be seen to play an important role in making the new locally governing organs ordinarily function by rigidly forming the method to appoint the Russian regional administrators, for example, through clearly dividing the roles between the Cabinet of ministers and the Senate. …
NAID 120005539999

Contesting Law and Order: Legal and Judicial Reform in Southern Thailand in the Late Nineteenth to Early Twentieth Century

Piyada Chonlaworn
Southeast Asian Studies 3(3), 527-546, 2014-12-25
… However, Siam's rule and reform in the Malay region, especially during the reign of King Chulalongkorn, is viewed by recent studies as colonial modernity in itself. …
NAID 110009864115

朝鮮総督府中枢院における韓国・朝鮮の慣習調査事業と調査報告書に関する研究 : 米国ハワイ大学マノア校（UH Manoa）・Hamilton Library のKorean Locked Press 所蔵資料の紹介と分析を中心に（1）

李英美
東洋文化研究所紀要 166, 2014-12
… The target of analysis in this paper is a variety of reports which were produced and reported during the process of investigation on Korean customs as part of the survey project on regional customs which was carried out during the Japanese reign of Korean Peninsula. …
NAID 120005525784

<Articles>Contesting Law and Order: Legal and Judicial Reform in Southern Thailand in the Late Nineteenth to Early Twentieth Century

Piyada Chonlaworn
Southeast Asian Studies 3(3), 527-546, 2014-12
… However, Siam's rule and reform in the Malay region, especially during the reign of King Chulalongkorn, is viewed by recent studies as colonial modernity in itself. …
NAID 120005522788

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