WordNet

the attribute of being superfluous and unneeded; "the use of industrial robots created redundancy among workers" (同)redundance
repetition of an act needlessly
(electronics) a system design that duplicates components to provide alternatives in case one component fails
repetition of messages to reduce the probability of errors in transmission
an error correction code that is recorded in each sector of a magnetic disk and used to catch errors in the data

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉余分な言葉を使うこと,冗長,冗漫 / 余分なもの;不必要な言葉
余計な; 冗長な, くどい; 豊富な; 〔英〕解雇された, （労働力が）余剰な・余分な表現が多い・(物などが)余分な,必要以上の
くどいこと,冗漫,冗長
自宅待機従業員に対する特別手当て

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/28 13:50:34」(JST)

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Redundancy or redundant may refer to:

Language and arts

Redundancy (linguistics), information that is expressed more than once
Redundant (play), 2001 drama by Leo Butler
"Redundant" (song), 1997 song by the American rock band Green Day

Computer science and engineering

Data redundancy, database systems which have a field that is repeated in two or more tables
Redundancy (engineering), the duplication of critical components or functions of a system with the intention of increasing reliability
Redundancy (software engineering), similar to the engineering but in aspect of the software and distributed software systems (not a Hardware)
Redundancy (information theory), the number of bits used to transmit a message minus the number of bits of actual information in the message
Redundancy in total quality management, quality which exceeds the required quality level, creating unnecessarily high costs
Redundancy (user interfaces), the same task executed by several different methods
Redundant code, computer program code that has no effect on program output
Redundancy check, error detection made possible by adding redundant information to a message or signal
Logic redundancy, a digital gate network containing circuitry that does not affect the static logic function

Biology

Codon redundancy, the redundancy of the genetic code exhibited as the multiplicity of three-codon combinations
Cytokine redundancy, a term in immunology referring to the phenomenon in which, and the ability of, multiple cytokines to exert similar actions
Gene redundancy, the existence of several genes in the genome of an organism that perform the same role to some extent

Other uses

Layoff, termination of employment of a person whose post becomes unnecessary
Voluntary redundancy, termination of employment by agreement between employee and employer
Redundancy in English law, redundancy in English labour law refers to the dismissal of an employee

UpToDate Contents

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1. 頭頸部皮膚切除における解剖学的危険部位anatomic danger zones in cutaneous surgery of the head and neck [show details]
…and redundancies . Cadaveric studies have demonstrated diversity in facial nerve branching not only from cadaver to cadaver but even from hemiface to hemiface within the same specimen . Redundancy allows …
2. 心電図チュートリアル：伝導系の生理学ecg tutorial physiology of the conduction system [show details]
…propagation through the His-Purkinje system to allow synchronous contraction in the ventricles. Layers of redundancy occur, so that if one portion is damaged, there may be other areas that can compensate for the…
3. 直腸脱に対する外科的アプローチsurgical approach to rectal procidentia rectal prolapse [show details]
…anterior wall of the rectum. Retract the rectum cephalad and posteriorly toward the sacrum to reduce redundancy of the bowel. Suture the mesh in place to the presacral fascia/sacral periosteum of the sacral …
4. IgE単独欠損の臨床的意義clinical significance of isolated ige deficiency [show details]
…protective role against viral and parasitic infections in humans . However, due in part to the redundancy of the immune system, low or absent levels of IgE do not predispose people to severe parasitic…
5. 女性化乳房のマネージメントmanagement of gynecomastia [show details]
…avoid recurrence after surgery) . Severe gynecomastia, with large pendulous breasts and skin redundancy, is unlikely to respond to pharmacologic therapy and nearly always requires surgery for an optimal …

English Journal

Biogenesis of light harvesting proteins.

Dall'Osto L1, Bressan M1, Bassi R2.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2015 Sep;1847(9):861-71. doi: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.02.009. Epub 2015 Feb 14.
The LHC family includes nuclear-encoded, integral thylakoid membrane proteins, most of which coordinate chlorophyll and xanthophyll chromophores. By assembling with the core complexes of both photosystems, LHCs form a flexible peripheral moiety for enhancing light-harvesting cross-section, regulatin
PMID 25687893

Advanced treatment of residual nitrogen from biologically treated coke effluent by a microalga-mediated process using volatile fatty acids (VFAs) under stepwise mixotrophic conditions.

Ryu BG1, Kim W2, Heo SW2, Kim D2, Choi GG2, Yang JW3.
Bioresource technology.Bioresour Technol.2015 Sep;191:488-95. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.112. Epub 2015 Mar 31.
This work describes the development of a microalga-mediated process for simultaneous removal of residual ammonium nitrogen (NH4(+)-N) and production of lipids from biologically treated coke effluent. Four species of green algae were tested using a sequential mixotrophic process. In the first phase-C
PMID 25881553

Characterization of carbonic anhydrase XIII in the erythrocytes of the Burmese python, Python molurus bivittatus.

Esbaugh AJ1, Secor SM2, Grosell M3.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology.Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol.2015 Sep;187:71-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.05.006. Epub 2015 May 22.
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is one of the most abundant proteins found in vertebrate erythrocytes with the majority of species expressing a low activity CA I and high activity CA II. However, several phylogenetic gaps remain in our understanding of the expansion of cytoplasmic CA in vertebrate erythrocy
PMID 26005204

Assessment of the bacterial and fungal diversity in home-made yoghurts of Xinjiang, China by pyrosequencing.

Xu H1, Liu W1,2, Gesudu Q1, Sun Z1,2, Zhang J1, Guo Z1, Zheng Y1, Hou Q1, Yu J1, Qing Y1, Kwok LY1, Menhe B1, Zhang H1,2.
Journal of the science of food and agriculture.J Sci Food Agric.2015 Aug 15;95(10):2007-15. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6912. Epub 2014 Oct 15.
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to gain a deeper knowledge of the bacterial and fungal community diversity in local home-made yoghurts from Zhaosu and Tekesi counties, Xinjiang, China, where a relatively high proportion of the ethnic minority population resides.RESULTS: The bacterial and funga
PMID 25214028