同: RRP

同: RRP

WordNet

pertaining to respiration; "respiratory assistance"
a breathing device for administering long-term artificial respiration (同)inhalator

PrepTutorEJDIC

呼吸の,呼吸作用の,呼吸のための
《米》人工呼吸装置 / (一般に)マスク;防毒マスク
再発する;繰り返し起こる

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2018/10/12 02:43:59」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Laryngeal papillomatosis, also known as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, is a rare medical condition in which benign tumors (papilloma) form along the aerodigestive tract.^[1] The tumors are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of the throat. The tumors may lead to narrowing of the airway, which may cause vocal changes or airway obstruction.^[2]^[3] Laryngeal papillomatosis is initially diagnosed through indirect laryngoscopy upon observation of growths on the larynx and can be confirmed through a biopsy.^[4]^[5]^[6] Treatment for laryngeal papillomatosis aims to remove the papillomas and limit their recurrence.^[7] Due to the recurrent nature of the virus, repeated treatments usually are needed.^[5]^[7]^[8]^[9] Laryngeal papillomatosis is primarily treated surgically, though supplemental nonsurgical and/or medical treatments may be considered in some cases.^[5]^[9] The evolution of laryngeal papillomatosis is highly variable.^[2]^[1] Though total recovery may be observed, it is often persistent despite treatment.^[10]^[6]^[1] The number of new cases of laryngeal papillomatosis cases is at approximately 4.3 cases per 100,000 children and 1.8 cases per 100,000 adults annually.^[1]^[4]^[5]^[11]

Signs and symptoms

A common symptom of laryngeal papillomatosis is a perceptual change in voice quality. More specifically, hoarseness is observed.^[2]^[3] As a consequence of the narrowing of the laryngeal or tracheal parts of the airway, shortness of breath, chronic cough and stridor (i.e. noisy breathing which can sound like a whistle or a snore), can be present.^[2]^[3] As the disease progresses, occurrence of secondary symptoms such as dysphagia, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, failure to thrive, and recurrent upper respiratory infections can be diagnosed.^[2]^[3] In children, symptoms are usually more severe and often mistaken for manifestations of other diseases such as asthma, croup or bronchitis. Therefore, diagnosis is usually delayed.^[6]^[3]

Cause

Laryngeal papillomatosis is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, most frequently genotypes 6 and 11^[12] although genotypes 16, 18, 31, and 33 have also been implicated.^[5] HPV-11 is associated with more aggressive forms of papillomatosis, which may involve more distal parts of the tracheobronchial tree.^[5] The mode of viral innoculation is hypothesized to vary according to age of disease onset.^[12]^[13]

The disease is typically separated into two forms, juvenile and adult papillomatosis, based on whether it develops before or after 20 years of age.^[1]^[5] The juvenile form is generally transmitted through contact with a mother’s infected vaginal canal during childbirth.^[13] Less is known about transmission in the adult form of this disease, though oral sex has been implicated as a potential mode of transmission.^[12]^[13] However, it is uncertain whether oral sex would directly transmit the virus^[13] or activate the dormant virus that was transmitted at childbirth.^[13]^[12]

In general, physicians are unsure why only certain people who have been exposed to the HPV types implicated in the disease develop laryngeal papillomatosis. In the case of the juvenile form of the disease, the likelihood of a child born of an infected mother developing laryngeal papillomatosis is low (between 1 in 231 to 1 in 400),^[14] even if the mother’s infection is active.^[12] Risk factors for a higher likelihood of transmission at childbirth include the first birth, vaginal birth, and teenage mother.^[13]^[12]

Diagnosis

Laryngeal papillomatosis can be diagnosed through visualization of the lesions using one of several indirect laryngoscopy procedures.^[4]^[6] In indirect laryngoscopy, the tongue is pulled forward and a laryngeal mirror or a rigid scope is passed through the mouth to examine the larynx.^[11]^[4] Another variation of indirect laryngoscopy involves passing a flexible scope, known as a fiberscope or endoscope, through the nose and into the throat to visualize the larynx from above.^[11]^[6] This procedure is also called flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy.^[11]

The appearance of papillomas has been described as multiple or rarely, single, white growths with a lumpy texture similar to cauliflower.^[11]^[5] Papillomas usually present in the larynx, especially on the vocal folds and in the space above the vocal folds called the ventricles.^[15]^[16]^[1] They can spread to other parts of the larynx and throughout the aerodigestive tract, from the mouth to the lower respiratory tract.^[1]^[5]^[15] Spread to regions beyond the larynx is more common in children than adults.^[15] Growths tend to be located at normal junctions in squamous and ciliated epithelium or at tissue junctions arising from injury.^[1]^[15]^[16]

A confirmatory diagnosis of laryngeal papillomatosis can only be obtained through a biopsy, involving microscopic examination and HPV testing of a sample of the growth.^[5]^[4] Biopsy samples are collected under general anesthesia, either through direct laryngoscopy or fiberoptic bronchoscopy.^[4]^[5]

Prevention

Little is known in terms of effective means of prevention. Due to the low likelihood of transmission even from an infected mother, it is not recommended to expose the mother and child to the additional risks of caesarean section to prevent the transmission of this disease during vaginal childbirth.^[12] Opting for a caesarean section does not guarantee that transmission will not still occur.^[13]

Treatment

As of 2014 there was no cure for laryngeal papillomatosis, and treatment options aimed to remove and limit the recurrence of the papillomas.^[7] Repeated treatments are often needed because of the recurrent nature of the virus, especially for children, as the juvenile form of laryngeal papillomatosis often triggers more aggressive relapses than the adult form.^[7]^[8]^[5]^[9] Between recurrences, voice therapy may be used to restore or maintain the persons's voice function.^[11]

Surgery

The first line of treatment is surgery to remove papillomas.^[5]^[9] Surgery does not prevent recurrences, and can lead to a number of serious complications.^[7]^[5]^[9] Laser technology, and carbon dioxide laser surgery in particular, has been used since the 1970s for the removal of papillomas; however, laser surgery is not without its risks, and has been associated with a higher occurrence of respiratory tract burns, stenosis, severe laryngeal scarring, and tracheoesophagyeal fistulae.^[7]^[8]^[5]^[9] Tracheotomies are offered for the most aggressive cases, where multiple debulking surgery failures have led to airways being compromised.^[8]^[5] The tracheotomies use breathing tubes to reroute air around the affected area, thereby restoring the person's breathing function. Although this intervention is usually temporary, some people must use the tube indefinitely.^[6] This method should be avoided if at all possible, since the breathing tube may serve as a conduit for spread of the disease as far down as the tracheobronchal tree.^[8]^[5]

A microdebrider is a tool that can suction tissue into a blade, which then cuts the tissue. Microdebriders are gradually replacing laser technology as the treatment of choice for laryngeal papillomatosis, due to their ability to selectively suction papillomas while relatively sparing unaffected tissue.^[8]^[9] In addition to the lower risk of complications, microdebrider surgery also is reportedly less expensive, less time-consuming, and more likely to give the person a better voice quality than the traditional laser surgery approaches.^[9]

Nonsurgical adjuvant treatment

For about 20% of people, surgery is not sufficient to control their laryngeal papillomatosis, and additional nonsurgical and/or medical treatments are necessary.^[5] At the present time, these treatments alone are not sufficient to cure laryngeal papillomatosis, and can only be considered supplemental to surgery.^[8] Some varieties of nonsurgical treatments include interferon, antiviral drugs (especially cidofovir, but also ribavirin and acyclovir), and photodynamic therapy.^[7]^[8]^[5]^[9]^[11] The monoclonal antibody against Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Bevacizumab has shown promising result as an adjuvant therapy in the management of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.^[17]^[18]

Outcomes

The evolution of laryngeal papillomatosis is highly unpredictable and is characterized by modulation of its severity and variable rate of progression across individuals.^[2]^[1] While instances of total recovery are observed, the condition is often persistent and lesions can reappear even after treatment.^[6]^[1]^[10] Factors that might affect the clinical course of the condition include: the HPV genotype, the age at onset, the elapsed time between the diagnosis and first treatment in addition to previous medical procedures.^[5]^[15]^[1] Other factors, albeit controversial, such as smoking or the presence of gastroesophageal reflux disease might also play a role in the progression of the disease.^[15]^[19]

The papillomas can travel past the larynx and infect extralaryngeal sites.^[2] In more aggressive cases, infection of the lungs can occur with progressive airway obstruction.^[2]^[3] Although rare (less than 1% of people with laryngeal papillomatosis), transformation from a benign form to a malignant form is also observed.^[2]^[3] Death can result from these complications (morbidity rate is around 1-2%).^[2]

Epidemiology

Laryngeal papillomatosis is a rare disease with a bimodal distribution based on age of incidence.^[1] The incidence, or number of new cases, of laryngeal papillomatosis cases is at approximately 4.3 cases per 100 000 children and 1.8 cases per 100 000 adults annually.^[5]^[4]^[11]^[1] The incidence of laryngeal papillomatosis in children peaks before the age of 5, though the term juvenile papillomatosis refers to all cases occurring before the age of 20.^[1]^[5] The incidence of adult laryngeal papillomatosis, which has an onset after the age of 20, peaks between the ages of 20 and 40.^[5]^[1] While there are no gender differences in the incidence of laryngeal papillomatosis in children, adult laryngeal papillomatosis occurs more frequently in males than in females.^[5]^[15]^[1] The incidence of laryngeal papillomatosis also varies according to factors such as socioeconomic status, such that higher rates are observed in groups having a lower socioeconomic status.^[5]

Research

As of 2013 there had been case reports of using HPV vaccines to prevent laryngeal papillomatosis but it was not known if this was effective.^[20] As of 2015 use of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine to reduce rate of recurrences had been investigated, but had not yielded significant results.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p El-Naggar, Adel K.; Chan, John K. C.; Grandis, Jennifer R.; Takashi, Takata; Slootweg, Pieter J., eds. (2017). "Tumours of the Hypopharynx, Larynx, Trachea and Parapharyngeal Space". World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumours. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer. pp. 93–95. ISBN 9789283224389. OCLC 990147303.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Diseases of the central airways : a clinical guide. Mehta, Atul C.,, Jain, Prasoon,, Gildea, Thomas R.,. Springer. 2016. pp. 215–218. ISBN 9783319298283. OCLC 945577007.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Venkatesan, Naren N.; Pine, Harold S.; Underbrink, Michael P. (June 2012). "Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis". Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 45 (3): 671–694, viii–ix. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2012.03.006. ISSN 1557-8259. PMC 3682415. PMID 22588043.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Grimes, MD, Jill; Fagerberg, MD, Kristyn; Smith, MD, Lori, eds. (2014). "Laryngeal Papillomatosis". Sexually Transmitted Disease : An Encyclopedia of Diseases, Prevention, Treatment, and Issues. Greenwood. pp. 401–403. ISBN 9781440801341. OCLC 880530919.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y Fortes, HR; von Ranke, FM; Escuissato, DL; Araujo Neto, CA; Zanetti, G; Hochhegger, B; Souza, CA; Marchiori, E (May 2017). "Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: A state-of-the-art review". Respiratory medicine. 126: 116–121. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2017.03.030. PMID 28427542.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis or Laryngeal Papillomatosis". NIDCD. 2015-08-18. Retrieved 2017-10-21.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Alfano, DM (2014). "Human papillomavirus laryngeal tracheal papillomatosis". Journal of pediatric health care : official publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 28 (5): 451–5. doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2014.04.003. PMID 24882788.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Carifi, M; Napolitano, D; Morandi, M; Dall'Olio, D (2015). "Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: current and future perspectives". Therapeutics and clinical risk management. 11: 731–8. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S81825. PMC 4427257. PMID 25999724.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Avelino, Melissa Ameloti Gomes; Zaiden, Tallyta Campos Domingues Teixeira; Gomes, Raquel Oliveira (September 2013). "Surgical treatment and adjuvant therapies of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis". Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology. 79 (5): 636–642. doi:10.5935/1808-8694.20130114. ISSN 1808-8686. PMID 24141682.
^ ^a ^b Drejet, Sarah; Halum, Stacey; Brigger, Matthew; Skopelja, Elaine; Parker, Noah P. (March 2017). "A Systematic Review". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 156 (3): 435–441. doi:10.1177/0194599816683384. ISSN 1097-6817. PMID 28072562.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Colton, Raymond H.; Casper, Janina K.; Leonard, Rebecca (2011). Understanding Voice Problems : A Physiological Perspective for Diagnosis and Treatment (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 171–172, 224–228. ISBN 9781609138745. OCLC 660546194.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Larson, Daniel A.; Derkay, Craig S. (June 2010). "Epidemiology of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis". APMIS: acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica. 118 (6–7): 450–454. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02619.x. ISSN 1600-0463. PMID 20553527.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Barnes, Leon (2005). Pathology and genetics of head and neck tumours (PDF). IARC Press Lyon. pp. 144–145.
^ Derkay, Craig S.; Wiatrak, Brian (July 2008). "Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: a review". The Laryngoscope. 118 (7): 1236–1247. doi:10.1097/MLG.0b013e31816a7135. ISSN 1531-4995. PMID 18496162.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Wenig, Bruce M. (2013). "Tumors of the Upper Respiratory Tract". In Fletcher, MD, Christopher D. M. Diagnostic Histopathology of Tumors. Fletcher, Christopher D. M., (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 92–98. ISBN 9781455737543. OCLC 846903109.
^ ^a ^b Grant, David G.; Mirchall, Martin A.; Bradley, Patrick J. (2010). "Surgery for Benign Tumors of the Adult Larynx". In Remacle, Marc; Eckel, Hans Edmund. Surgery of Larynx and Trachea. Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 91–112. ISBN 9783540791355. OCLC 567327912.
^ Mohr M, Schliemann C, Biermann C, Schmidt L-H, Kessler T, Schmidt J, et al. Rapid response to systemic bevacizumab therapy in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Oncol Lett. 2014 Nov;8(5):1912–8.
^ Sidell DR, Nassar M, Cotton RT, Zeitels SM, de Alarcon A. High-dose sublesional bevacizumab (avastin) for pediatric recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2014 Mar;123(3):214–21.
^ Taliercio, Sal; Cespedes, Michelle; Born, Hayley; Ruiz, Ryan; Roof, Scott; Amin, Milan R.; Branski, Ryan C. (January 2015). "Adult-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: a review of disease pathogenesis and implications for patient counseling". JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery. 141 (1): 78–83. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2014.2826. ISSN 2168-619X. PMID 25393901.
^ Avelino, MA; Zaiden, TC; Gomes, RO (2013). "Surgical treatment and adjuvant therapies of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis". Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology. 79 (5): 636–42. doi:10.5935/1808-8694.20130114. PMID 24141682.

External links

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. ヒトパピローマウイルス感染症：疫学および疾患関連性 human papillomavirus infections epidemiology and disease associations
2. 小児の嗄声の一般的な原因 common causes of hoarseness in children
3. 頭頸部腫瘍の病理 pathology of head and neck neoplasms
4. 小児における吸気時喘鳴の評価 assessment of stridor in children
5. ヒトパピローマウイルスワクチン human papillomavirus vaccination

English Journal

Long-term follow-up and outcome in patients with recurrent respiratory laryngeal papillomatosis.

Rasmussen ER1, Schnack DT, Jørkov AS, Raja AA, Olsen CH, Homøe P.
Danish medical journal.Dan Med J.2017 Dec;64(12). pii: A5424.
PMID 29206094

Lymphocyte profile and cytokine mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis suggest dysregulated cytokine mRNA response and impaired cytotoxic capacity.

Holm A1, Nagaeva O2, Nagaev I2, Loizou C1, Laurell G3, Mincheva-Nilsson L2, Nylander K4, Olofsson K1.
Immunity, inflammation and disease.Immun Inflamm Dis.2017 Dec;5(4):541-550. doi: 10.1002/iid3.188. Epub 2017 Aug 14.
PMID 28805308

Immunologic responses to a novel DNA vaccine targeting human papillomavirus-11 E6E7.

Ahn J1, Peng S2, Hung CF2, Roden RBS2, Wu TC2, Best SR1.
The Laryngoscope.Laryngoscope.2017 Dec;127(12):2713-2720. doi: 10.1002/lary.26737. Epub 2017 Jul 17.
PMID 28714529

Japanese Journal

Trends in the management of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in Japan

Murono Shigeyuki,Nakanishi Yosuke,Tsuji Akira,Endo Kazuhira,Kondo Satoru,Wakisaka Naohiro,Yoshida Hiroshi,Yoshizaki Tomokazu
Auris Nasus Larynx 42(3), 218-220, 2015-06-01
… Objective: Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) has historically been and still continues to be a difficult disease to treat. …
NAID 120005516446

長引く嗄声,吸気性喘鳴を主訴とした1歳女児 (特集感染症ケースカンファレンス) -- (上級編)

星野直
小児科診療 77(4), 543-546, 2014-04
NAID 40020018673

喉頭乳頭腫に対する特殊治療

室野重之,吉崎智一
喉頭 26(2), 77-80, 2014
… Cidofovir is an anti-viral agent and has been anticipated to eradicate human papillomavirus in cases of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). …
NAID 130005089092

Related Pictures

recurrent respiratory papillomatosis Rapid response to systemic bevacizumab therapy in recurrent respiratory What is Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis? Are You at Risk? - Health INOVIO: Receives Authorization from the U.S. FDA To Begin Phase 1/2

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「RRP」
関連記事	「respiratory」「recurrent」

「RRP」

Classification	D ICD-10: D14.1; ICD-9-CM: 212.1; MeSH: C535297;
External resources	Orphanet: 60032;

Laryngeal papillomatosis
Synonyms	Adult papillomatosis, Juvenile papillomatosis, Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, Squamous cell papillomatosis, Nonkeratinized papillomatosis
	Volumetric CT rendering of multiple tracheal papilloma (arrow).
Specialty	Otorhinolaryngology
Complications	Squamous cell carcinoma
Causes	HPV infection

　　[★]

同: recurrent respiratory papillomatosis

同: recurrent respiratory papillomatosis

「respiratory」

　　[★]

adj.

呼吸の、呼吸器の、呼吸性の

関: breath、breathe、breathing、respiration、respiratory mechanics、respiratory organ、respiratory tract

「recurrent」

　　[★]

adj.

反復性の、再発性の、反回性の、回帰の

関: iterative、recurrence、recurrently、regression、relapsing、repetitive

[IARC-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p El-Naggar, Adel K.; Chan, John K. C.; Grandis, Jennifer R.; Takashi, Takata; Slootweg, Pieter J., eds. (2017). "Tumours of the Hypopharynx, Larynx, Trachea and Parapharyngeal Space". World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumours. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer. pp. 93–95. ISBN 9789283224389. OCLC 990147303.

[MehtaBook2016-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Diseases of the central airways : a clinical guide. Mehta, Atul C.,, Jain, Prasoon,, Gildea, Thomas R.,. Springer. 2016. pp. 215–218. ISBN 9783319298283. OCLC 945577007.

[Venkatesan2012-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Venkatesan, Naren N.; Pine, Harold S.; Underbrink, Michael P. (June 2012). "Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis". Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 45 (3): 671–694, viii–ix. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2012.03.006. ISSN 1557-8259. PMC 3682415. PMID 22588043.

[GrimesBook2014-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Grimes, MD, Jill; Fagerberg, MD, Kristyn; Smith, MD, Lori, eds. (2014). "Laryngeal Papillomatosis". Sexually Transmitted Disease : An Encyclopedia of Diseases, Prevention, Treatment, and Issues. Greenwood. pp. 401–403. ISBN 9781440801341. OCLC 880530919.

[Fortes2017-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y Fortes, HR; von Ranke, FM; Escuissato, DL; Araujo Neto, CA; Zanetti, G; Hochhegger, B; Souza, CA; Marchiori, E (May 2017). "Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: A state-of-the-art review". Respiratory medicine. 126: 116–121. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2017.03.030. PMID 28427542.

[NIDCD-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis or Laryngeal Papillomatosis". NIDCD. 2015-08-18. Retrieved 2017-10-21.

[Alfano2014-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Alfano, DM (2014). "Human papillomavirus laryngeal tracheal papillomatosis". Journal of pediatric health care : official publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 28 (5): 451–5. doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2014.04.003. PMID 24882788.

[Carifi2015-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Carifi, M; Napolitano, D; Morandi, M; Dall'Olio, D (2015). "Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: current and future perspectives". Therapeutics and clinical risk management. 11: 731–8. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S81825. PMC 4427257. PMID 25999724.

[Avelino2013-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Avelino, Melissa Ameloti Gomes; Zaiden, Tallyta Campos Domingues Teixeira; Gomes, Raquel Oliveira (September 2013). "Surgical treatment and adjuvant therapies of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis". Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology. 79 (5): 636–642. doi:10.5935/1808-8694.20130114. ISSN 1808-8686. PMID 24141682.

[:0-10] Drejet, Sarah; Halum, Stacey; Brigger, Matthew; Skopelja, Elaine; Parker, Noah P. (March 2017). "A Systematic Review". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 156 (3): 435–441. doi:10.1177/0194599816683384. ISSN 1097-6817. PMID 28072562.

[ColtonBook2011-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Colton, Raymond H.; Casper, Janina K.; Leonard, Rebecca (2011). Understanding Voice Problems : A Physiological Perspective for Diagnosis and Treatment (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 171–172, 224–228. ISBN 9781609138745. OCLC 660546194.

[Larson2010-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Larson, Daniel A.; Derkay, Craig S. (June 2010). "Epidemiology of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis". APMIS: acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica. 118 (6–7): 450–454. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02619.x. ISSN 1600-0463. PMID 20553527.

[BarnesBook2005-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Barnes, Leon (2005). Pathology and genetics of head and neck tumours (PDF). IARC Press Lyon. pp. 144–145.

[Derkay2008-14] Derkay, Craig S.; Wiatrak, Brian (July 2008). "Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: a review". The Laryngoscope. 118 (7): 1236–1247. doi:10.1097/MLG.0b013e31816a7135. ISSN 1531-4995. PMID 18496162.

[WenigBook2013-15] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Wenig, Bruce M. (2013). "Tumors of the Upper Respiratory Tract". In Fletcher, MD, Christopher D. M. Diagnostic Histopathology of Tumors. Fletcher, Christopher D. M., (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 92–98. ISBN 9781455737543. OCLC 846903109.

[GrantBook2010-16] Grant, David G.; Mirchall, Martin A.; Bradley, Patrick J. (2010). "Surgery for Benign Tumors of the Adult Larynx". In Remacle, Marc; Eckel, Hans Edmund. Surgery of Larynx and Trachea. Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 91–112. ISBN 9783540791355. OCLC 567327912.

[17] Mohr M, Schliemann C, Biermann C, Schmidt L-H, Kessler T, Schmidt J, et al. Rapid response to systemic bevacizumab therapy in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Oncol Lett. 2014 Nov;8(5):1912–8.

[18] Sidell DR, Nassar M, Cotton RT, Zeitels SM, de Alarcon A. High-dose sublesional bevacizumab (avastin) for pediatric recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2014 Mar;123(3):214–21.

[Taliercio2015-19] Taliercio, Sal; Cespedes, Michelle; Born, Hayley; Ruiz, Ryan; Roof, Scott; Amin, Milan R.; Branski, Ryan C. (January 2015). "Adult-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: a review of disease pathogenesis and implications for patient counseling". JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery. 141 (1): 78–83. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2014.2826. ISSN 2168-619X. PMID 25393901.

[20] Avelino, MA; Zaiden, TC; Gomes, RO (2013). "Surgical treatment and adjuvant therapies of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis". Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology. 79 (5): 636–42. doi:10.5935/1808-8694.20130114. PMID 24141682.

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案内

案内

recurrent respiratory papillomatosis