WordNet

free of extraneous elements of any kind; "pure air and water"; "pure gold"; "pure primary colors"; "the violins pure and lovely song"; "pure tones"; "pure oxygen"
in a state of sexual virginity; "pure and vestal modesty"; "a spinster or virgin lady"; "men have decreed that their women must be pure and virginal" (同)vestal, virgin, virginal, virtuous
(used of persons or behaviors) having no faults; sinless; "I felt pure and sweet as a new baby"- Sylvia Plath; "pure as the driven snow"
concerned with theory and data rather than practice; opposed to applied; "pure science"
free from discordant qualities

PrepTutorEJDIC

(金など)『混じりけのない』,純粋の / (水など)『汚れていない』,きれいな / (道徳的に)汚れていない,清らかな / (血統が)純粋の,純血の,きっすいの / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》《話》全くの / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(応用的に対して)理論的な,純粋の
失読症(脳が犯され文字・文章が読めなくなる病気)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/19 07:24:17」(JST)

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Main article: Alexia (acquired dyslexia)

Pure alexia, also known as agnosic alexia or alexia without agraphia or pure word blindness, is one form of alexia which makes up "the peripheral dyslexia" group.^[1] Individuals who have pure alexia suffer from severe reading problems while other language-related skills such as naming, oral repetition, auditory comprehension or writing are typically intact.^[2]

Pure alexia is also known as: "alexia without agraphia", ^[1] "letter-by-letter dyslexia",^[3] "spelling dyslexia",^[4] or "word-form dyslexia".^[5] Another name for it is "Dejerine syndrome", after Joseph Jules Dejerine, who described it in 1892;^[6] however, when using this name, it should not be confused with medial medullary syndrome which shares the same eponym.

Classification[edit]

Pure alexia results from cerebral lesions in circumscribed brain regions and therefore belongs to the group of acquired reading disorders, alexia,^[1] as opposed to developmental dyslexia found in children who have difficulties in learning to read.^[7]

Causes[edit]

Pure alexia almost always involves an infarct to the left posterior cerebral artery (which perfuses the splenium of the corpus callosum and left visual cortex, among other things). The resulting deficit will be pure alexia - i.e., the patient can write but cannot read (even what they have just written). This is because the left visual cortex has been damaged, leaving only the right visual cortex (occipital lobe) able to process visual information, but it is unable to send this information to the language areas (Broca's area, Wernicke's area, etc.) in the left brain because of the damage to the splenium of the corpus callosum.^[8]^[9] The patient can still write because the pathways connecting the left-sided language areas to the motor areas are intact.^[10]

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c Coslett HB (2000). "Acquired dyslexia". Semin Neurol 20 (4): 419–26. doi:10.1055/s-2000-13174. PMID 11149697.
^ Behrmann M, Shomstein SS, Black SE, Barton JJ (2001). "The eye movements of pure alexic patients during reading and nonreading tasks". Neuropsychologia 39 (9): 983–1002. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00021-5. PMID 11516450.
^ Fiset D, Arguin M, Bub D, Humphreys GW, Riddoch MJ (July 2005). "How to make the word-length effect disappear in letter-by-letter dyslexia: implications for an account of the disorder". Psychol Sci 16 (7): 535–41. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01571.x. PMID 16008786.
^ Warrington EK, Langdon D (February 1994). "Spelling dyslexia: a deficit of the visual word-form". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 57 (2): 211–6. doi:10.1136/jnnp.57.2.211. PMC 1072453. PMID 8126508.
^ Warrington EK, Shallice T (March 1980). "Word-form dyslexia". Brain 103 (1): 99–112. doi:10.1093/brain/103.1.99. PMID 6244876.
^ Imtiaz KE, Nirodi G, Khaleeli AA (2001). "Alexia without agraphia: a century later". Int. J. Clin. Pract. 55 (3): 225–6. PMID 11351780.
^ Temple CM (August 2006). "Developmental and acquired dyslexias". Cortex 42 (6): 898–910. doi:10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70434-9. PMID 17131596.
^ Sundsten, John W.; Nolte, John (2001). The human brain: an introduction to its functional anatomy. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 552. ISBN 0-323-01320-1. OCLC 48416194.
^ "Baylor Neurology Case of the Month". Archived from the original on 2007-05-10. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
^ Nolte, John (2009). The human brain: an introduction to its functional anatomy. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby/Elsevier. p. 571. ISBN 0-323-04131-0. OCLC 181903953.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 失語症患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with aphasia
2. 後方循環系の脳血管症候群 posterior circulation cerebrovascular syndromes
3. 同名半盲 homonymous hemianopia
4. 胸腺腫および胸腺癌の臨床症状およびマネージメント clinical presentation and management of thymoma and thymic carcinoma
5. 成人における後天性赤芽球癆 acquired pure red cell aplasia in the adult

English Journal

Imaging of Retrochiasmal and Higher Cortical Visual Disorders.

Tantiwongkosi B1, Salamon N2.
Neuroimaging clinics of North America.Neuroimaging Clin N Am.2015 Aug;25(3):411-24. doi: 10.1016/j.nic.2015.05.005.
Retrochiasmal visual pathways include optic tracts, lateral geniculate nuclei, optic radiations, and striate cortex (V1). Homonymous hemianopsia and field defect variants with relatively normal visual acuity suggest that the lesions involve retrochiasmal pathways. From V1, visual input is projected
PMID 26208417

Treatment for alexia with agraphia following left ventral occipito-temporal damage: Strengthening orthographic representations common to reading and spelling.

Kim ES, Rising K, Rapcsak SZ, Beeson PM.
Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR.J Speech Lang Hear Res.2015 Jun 24. doi: 10.1044/2015_JSLHR-L-14-0286. [Epub ahead of print]
Purpose: Damage to left ventral occipito-temporal cortex (lvOT) can give rise to written language impairment characterized by pure alexia/letter-by-letter (LBL) reading as well as surface alexia and agraphia. The purpose of this study was to examine the therapeutic effects of a combined treatment ap
PMID 26110814