WordNet

open and genuine; not deceitful; "he was a good man, decent and sincere"; "felt sincere regret that they were leaving"; "sincere friendship"
free of extraneous elements of any kind; "pure air and water"; "pure gold"; "pure primary colors"; "the violins pure and lovely song"; "pure tones"; "pure oxygen"
in a state of sexual virginity; "pure and vestal modesty"; "a spinster or virgin lady"; "men have decreed that their women must be pure and virginal" (同)vestal, virgin, virginal, virtuous
(used of persons or behaviors) having no faults; sinless; "I felt pure and sweet as a new baby"- Sylvia Plath; "pure as the driven snow"
concerned with theory and data rather than practice; opposed to applied; "pure science"
free from discordant qualities
steadfast in affection or allegiance; "years of faithful service"; "faithful employees"; "we do not doubt that England has a faithful patriot in the Lord Chancellor"
any loyal and steadfast following
not having sexual relations with anyone except your husband or wife, or your boyfriend or girlfriend; "he remained faithful to his wife"
in a faithful manner; "it always came on, faithfully, like the radio" (同)dependably, reliably
with sincerity; without pretense; "she praised him sincerely for his victory"; "was unfeignedly glad to see his old teacher"; "we are truly sorry for the inconvenience" (同)unfeignedly, truly
written formula for ending a letter (同)sincerely yours
lacking sincerity; "a charming but thoroughly insincere woman"; "their praise was extravagant and insincere"
without sincerity; "she congratulated him somewhat insincerely"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(感情・行動が)『偽りのない』,心からの,真剣な / (人が)『誠実な』,まじめな
(金など)『混じりけのない』,純粋の / (水など)『汚れていない』,きれいな / (道徳的に)汚れていない,清らかな / (血統が)純粋の,純血の,きっすいの / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》《話》全くの / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(応用的に対して)理論的な,純粋の
『忠実な』,誠実な;貞節な / 正確な,そのままの / 《名詞的に;the faithful》《集合的に,複数扱い》堅い信者たち;イスラム教徒
忠実に,誠実に,正確に
『全く』,完全に / 『純粋に』,きれいに,清らかに
『真心込めて』,心から
誠意のない,不まじめな,偽善的な(hypocritical)
《通例完了形またはit is(was)と共に用いて》…『以後』[『ずっと』],…以来[ずっと] / …『ので』,…だから / …『以来』,…から[今まで] / 《完了形とともに用いて》『その時から現在まで』,それ以来ずっと / 《完了形とともに用いて》『その後』[『今までの間に』] / 《過去時制・完了形とともに用いて》(現在より)…前に

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/21 22:09:28」(JST)

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This article is about the virtue. For the phrase "Yours sincerely", see Valediction. For the town in West Virginia, see Sincerity, Wetzel County, West Virginia.

Sincerity is the virtue of one who speaks and acts truly about his or her own feelings, thoughts, and desires.

In Western societies[edit]

Sincerity has not been consistently regarded as a virtue in Western culture.^{[citation needed]} First discussed by Aristotle in his Nicomachean Ethics, it resurfaced to become an ideal (virtue) in Europe and North America in the 17th century; and it gained considerable momentum during the Romantic movement, when sincerity was first celebrated as an artistic and social ideal. Indeed, in middle to late nineteenth century America, sincerity was an idea reflected in mannerisms, hairstyles, women's dress, and the literature of the time.

More recently sincerity has been under assault by several modern developments such as psychoanalysis and postmodern developments such as deconstruction.^{[citation needed]} Some scholars view sincerity as a construct rather than a moral virtue—although any virtue can be construed as a 'mere construct' rather than an actual phenomenon^{[citation needed]}.

Literary critic Lionel Trilling dealt with the subject of sincerity, its roots, its evolution, its moral quotient, and its relationship to authenticity in a series of lectures published under the title Sincerity and Authenticity.

Aristotle's views[edit]

Perseus Project Nic.+Eth.1127b3 karnan

According to Aristotle "truthfulness or sincerity is a desirable mean state between the deficiency of irony or self-deprecation and the excess of boastfulness." ^[1]^[2]

In Confucian societies[edit]

See The Analects

Beyond the Western culture, sincerity is notably developed as a virtue in Confucian societies (China, Korea, and Japan). The concept of chéng (誠、诚) as expounded in two of the Confucian classics, the Da Xue and the Zhong Yong is generally translated as sincerity. As in the West, the term implies a congruence of avowal and inner feeling, but inner feeling is in turn ideally responsive to ritual propriety and social hierarchy. Specifically, Confucian's Analects contains the following statement in Chapter I: (主忠信。毋友不如己者。過，則勿憚改。) "Hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles. Then no friends would not be like yourself (all friends would be as loyal as yourself). If you make a mistake, do not be afraid to correct it."

Thus, even today, a powerful leader will praise leaders of other realms as "sincere" to the extent that they know their place. In Japanese the character for cheng may be pronounced makoto, and carries still more strongly the sense of loyal avowal and belief.

Etymology[edit]

The Oxford English Dictionary and most scholars state that sincerity from sincere is derived from the Latin sincerus meaning clean, pure, sound (1525–35). Sincerus may have once meant "one growth" (not mixed), from sin- (one) and crescere (to grow).^[3] Crescere is cognate with "Ceres," the goddess of grain, as in "cereal."^[4]^[5]

According to the American Heritage Dictionary,^[6] the Latin word sincerus is derived from the Indo-European root *sm̥kēros, itself derived from the zero-grade of *sem (one) and the suffixed, lengthened e-grade of *ker (grow), generating the underlying meaning of one growth, hence pure, clean.

Controversy[edit]

An often repeated folk etymology proposes that sincere is derived from the Latin sine = without, cera = wax. According to one popular explanation, dishonest sculptors in Rome or Greece would cover flaws in their work with wax to deceive the viewer; therefore, a sculpture "without wax" would mean honesty in its perfection.^[4] In its early days the word could refer to the immaterial and material. "One spoke of sincere wine...simply to mean that it had not been adulterated, or, as was once said, sophisticated."^[7] Another explanation is that this etymology "is derived from a Greeks-bearing-gifts story of deceit and betrayal. For the feat of victory, the Romans demanded the handing over of obligatory tributes. Following bad advice, the Greeks resorted to some faux-marble statues made of wax, which they offered as tribute. These promptly melted in the warm Greek sun."^[8] The Oxford English Dictionary states, however, that "there is no probability in the old explanation from sine cera 'without wax'". Also note the entry on sincere in An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language by Walter William Skeat (p. 555) and Storied Words: The Writer's Vocabulary and Its Origins by Jeff Jeske (p. 145). The popularity of the without wax etymology is reflected in its use as a minor subplot in Dan Brown's Digital Fortress, though Brown attributes it to the Spanish language, not Latin. Reference to the same etymology, this time attributed to Latin, also appears in another of his books, The Lost Symbol.

Quotations[edit]

Best be yourself, imperial, plain and true! Browning, Robert (1812 - 1889) British poet. Bishop Blougram's Apology, 1855

What comes from the heart, goes to the heart. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772 - 1834) British poet. Table Talk, 1833

Some of the worst men in the world are sincere and the more sincere they are the worse they are. Hailsham, Lord (1907) British Conservative politician. The Observer, `Sayings of the Week', 7 Jan 1968, 1968

I'm afraid of losing my obscurity. Genuineness only thrives in the dark. Like celery. Huxley, Aldous (1894 - 1964) British novelist. Those Barren Leaves, Pt. I, Ch. 1, 1925

What's a man's first duty? The answer's brief: To be himself. Ibsen, Henrik (1828 - 1906) Norwegian dramatist. Peer Gynt, IV:1, 1867

A little sincerity is a dangerous thing, and a great deal of it is absolutely fatal. Wilde, Oscar (1854 - 1900) Irish-born British dramatist. The Critic as Artist, Pt. 2, 1891 ^[9]

References[edit]

^ Sparknotes.com, Ethics, Section 4. Last visited, April 25, 2008.
^ Google Books Nicomachean Ethics, Book 4, p. 103, 1127b3-31 by Aristotle
^ Etymonline.com
^ ^a ^b Rob Kyff. The whole ball of facts about wax. Hartford Courant (Connecticut). LIFE; Pg. D2. April 17, 2002.
^ Bob Edwards. Origin of the word cereal. National Public Radio (NPR). Show: Morning Edition (11:00 AM on ET) October 21, 1999.
^ Bartleby.com
^ Trilling, Lionel (1972). Sincerity and Authenticity. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 12–13.
^ Ruth Wajnryb. "If you hear buzzing, get the wax out of your ears"; Words. Sydney Morning Herald (Australia). Spectrum; Books; Pg. 32. November 18, 2006.
^ "Sincerity." Bloomsbury Thematic Dictionary of Quotations. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Ltd, 1997. Credo Reference. Web. 01 October 2012.

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