public service

　

WordNet

1. employment within a government system (especially in the civil service)
2. make fit for use; "service my truck"; "the washing machine needs to be serviced"
3. the act of public worship following prescribed rules; "the Sunday service" (同)religious service, divine_service
4. the act of delivering a writ or summons upon someone; "he accepted service of the subpoena" (同)serving, service of process
5. tableware consisting of a complete set of articles (silver or dishware) for use at table (同)table service
6. (law) the acts performed by an English feudal tenant for the benefit of his lord which formed the consideration for the property granted to him
7. an act of help or assistance; "he did them a service"
8. employment in or work for another; "he retired after 30 years of service"
9. the performance of duties by a waiter or servant; "that restaurant has excellent service"
10. work done by one person or group that benefits another; "budget separately for goods and services"
11. a company or agency that performs a public service; subject to government regulation
12. be used by; as of a utility; "The sewage plant served the neighboring communities"; "The garage served to shelter his horses" (同)serve
13. not private; open to or concerning the people as a whole; "the public good"; "public libraries"; "public funds"; "public parks"; "a public scandal"; "public gardens"; "performers and members of royal families are public figures"
14. a body of people sharing some common interest; "the reading public"
15. affecting the people or community as a whole; "community leaders"; "community interests"; "the public welfare"
16. performance of duties or provision of space and equipment helpful to others; "the mayor tried to maintain city services"; "the medical services are excellent"
17. Canadian writer (born in England) who wrote about life in the Yukon Territory (1874-1958) (同)Robert William Service
18. the act of mating by male animals; "the bull was worth good money in servicing fees" (同)service

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉〈C〉(…に対する)『奉仕』,尽力,貢献《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈C〉〈U〉(水道・交通などの)『公共事業』,施設 / 〈C〉〈U〉(宗教上の)儀式;礼拝 / 〈C〉(官公庁の)農局,部門;UU〉《集合的に》(ある部局の)職員 / 〈C〉(陸・海・空)軍;〈U〉軍務,兵役《the services》軍事力 / 《複数形で》〈医師・弁護士などの)業務,奉仕 / 〈U〉(ホテル・食堂などの)『サービス』,客扱い / 〈U〉(製品などの)修理天検,アフターサービス / 〈U〉(人・物が)役立つこと;有用,有効 / 〈C〉(食器などの)一式,一組 / 〈C〉〈U〉(テニス・バレーなどの)サーブ[の順番] / 〈C〉〈U〉(令状などの)送達 / 〈機械など〉‘を'修理点検する,‘の'アフターサービスをする / …‘に'サービス(電気・ガスなど)を供給する / =serve / サービス[業]の / 使用人用の / 軍の
2. 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『公の』,『公共の』,公衆の / 公開の / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『公務の』,公務に従事する / 一般に知れ渡っている,周知の / 《the~》《集合的に》『一般の人々』,公衆 / 《the~》《a~》…界,…仲間

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/15 11:15:04」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

A public service is a service which is provided by government to people living within its jurisdiction, either directly (through the public sector) or by financing private provision of services. The term is associated with a social consensus (usually expressed through democratic elections) that certain services should be available to all, regardless of income. Even where public services are neither publicly provided nor publicly financed, for social and political reasons they are usually subject to regulation going beyond that applying to most economic sectors. Public service is also a course that can be studied at a college and/or university.

Sectors

Public services tend to be those considered to be so essential to modern life that for moral reasons their universal provision should be guaranteed. They may be associated with fundamental human rights (such as the right to water). The Volunteer Fire Dept. and Ambulance Corps. are institutions with the mission of servicing the community. A service is helping others with a specific need or want. Here, service ranges from a doctor curing an illness, to a repair person, to a food pantry.

In modern, developed countries, the term public services often includes:

• Electricity
• Education
• Environmental protection
• Fire service
• Gas
• Health care
• Law enforcement
• Military
• Postal service
• Public broadcasting
• Public library
• Public security
• Public transportation
• Public housing
• Social services
• Telecommunications
• Town planning
• Waste management
• Water supply network
• 999 services

Characteristics

A public service may sometimes have the characteristics of a public good (being non-rivalrous and non-excludable), but most are services which may (according to prevailing social norms) be under-provided by the market. In most cases public services are services, i.e. they do not involve manufacturing of goods. They may be provided by local or national monopolies, especially in sectors which are natural monopolies.

They may involve outputs that are hard to attribute to specific individual effort and/or hard to measure in terms of key characteristics such as quality. They often require high levels of training and education. They may attract people with a public service ethos who wish to give something to the wider public or community through their work.

History

Historically, the widespread provision of public services in developed countries usually began in the late nineteenth century, often with the municipal development of gas and water services. Later, other services such as electricity and healthcare began to be provided by governments. In most developed countries such services are still provided by local or national government, the biggest exceptions being the U.S. and the UK, where private provision is more significant. Nonetheless, such privately provided public services are often strongly regulated, for example (in the US) by Public Utility Commissions.

In developing countries public services tend to be much less well developed. For example, water services might only be available to the wealthy middle class. For political reasons the service is often subsidised, which reduces the finance available for expansion to poorer communities.

Nationalization

Main article: Nationalization

Nationalization really took off following the World Wars of the first half of the twentieth century. Across Europe, because of the extreme demands on industries and the economy, central planning was required to make production maximally efficient. Many public services, especially electricity, gas and public transport are products of this era. Following the Second World War, many countries also began to implement universal health care and expanded education under the funding and guidance of the state.

Privatization

A group of Chilean 'Damas de Rojo', volunteers on their local hospital.

Main article: Privatization

There are several ways to privatize public services. A free-market corporation may be established and sold to private investors, relinquishing government control altogether. Thus it becomes a private (not public) service. Another option, used in the Nordic countries, is to establish a corporation, but keep ownership or voting power essentially in the hands of the government. For example, the Finnish state owned 49% of Kemira until 2007, the rest being owned by private investors. A 49% share did not make it a "government enterprise", but it meant that all other investors together would have to oppose the state's opinion in order to overturn the state's decisions in the shareholder's meeting. Regulated corporation can also acquire permits on the agreement that they fulfill certain public service duties. When a private corporation runs a natural monopoly, then the corporation is typically heavily regulated, to prevent abuse of monopoly power. Lastly, the government can buy the service on the free market. In many countries, medication is provided in this manner: the government reimburses part of the price of the medication. Also, bus traffic, electricity, healthcare and waste management are privatized in this way. One recent innovation, used in the UK increasingly as well as Australia and Canada is public-private partnerships. This involves giving a long lease to private consortia in return for partly funding infrastructure.

Public services versus Services of General Interest

At the European level, some countries use the name service of general interest, while other prefer public services. It has been a discussion, for instance during the writing of the european constitution (the word services of general interest has been used).

ETUC named its petition "for high quality public services" but explains "Public services are known as Services of general interest (SGI) and Services of general economic interest (SGEIs) in European Union terminology."

See also

• Public value – the equivalent of shareholder value in public management
• Public good – a good, availability of which is not reduced (non-rival) due to the consumption by others; and that no one can effectively be excluded (non-excludable) from using
• Right to Public Services legislation
• CEEP European Centre of Enterprises with Public Participation and of Enterprises of General Economic Interest
• Customer service
• European Union competition law
• Infrastructure
• New Public Management
• Privatization
• Public administration
• Public ownership
• Public policy
• Public service broadcasting
• Public utility - a means of providing infrastructure for a public service
• Service
• VÖWG Austrian Association for Public and Social Economy
• Welfare state

References

External links

• Municipal Services Project
• Public Services International
• Public Services International Research Unit
• publicservice.co.uk – Public Service News
• Daniel Chavez (ed), Beyond the Market: The Future of Public Services, TNI Public Services Yearbook 2005/6, Transnational Institute / Public Services International Research Unit (PSIRU), February 2006
• European Centre of Enterprises with Public Participation and of Enterprises of General Economic Interest

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English Journal

• The tomato sauce making process affects the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of tomato phenolics: A pharmacokinetic study.

• Martínez-Huélamo M1, Tulipani S2, Estruch R3, Escribano E4, Illán M5, Corella D6, Lamuela-Raventós RM7.
• Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 Apr 15;173:864-72. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.156. Epub 2014 Oct 18.
• Tomato sauce is the most commonly consumed processed tomato product worldwide, but very little is known about how the manufacturing process may affect the phenolic composition and bioavailability after consumption. In a prospective randomised, cross-over intervention study, we analysed the plasma an
• PMID 25466100

• Lean production tools and decision latitude enable conditions for innovative learning in organizations: A multilevel analysis.

• Fagerlind Ståhl AC1, Gustavsson M2, Karlsson N3, Johansson G4, Ekberg K5.
• Applied ergonomics.Appl Ergon.2015 Mar;47:285-91. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2014.10.013. Epub 2014 Nov 6.
• The effect of lean production on conditions for learning is debated. This study aimed to investigate how tools inspired by lean production (standardization, resource reduction, visual monitoring, housekeeping, value flow analysis) were associated with an innovative learning climate and with collecti
• PMID 25479999

• Depression as a risk factor for overall and hormone-related cancer: The Korean cancer prevention study.

• Chang HY1, Keyes KM2, Mok Y3, Jung KJ3, Shin YJ4, Jee SH5.
• Journal of affective disorders.J Affect Disord.2015 Mar 1;173:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.064. Epub 2014 Nov 7.
• Depression has been hypothesized to be a risk factor of cancer, especially hormone-related cancers. However, few studies have been conducted with large enough sample size and sufficient follow-up period to rigorously estimate these associations. We aim to examine the relationship between depression
• PMID 25462388

Japanese Journal

• Waste management and public-private partnership -integrating waste pickers' cooperative in India

• Yukiko Hashimoto,Neha Sathe
• 吉備国際大学研究紀要. 人文・社会科学系 (25), 103-111, 2015-03-31
• NAID 110009886562

• 女性公務員の主観的キャリア意識に関する実証研究

• 中嶌 剛
• 學苑 893, 65-76, 2015-03-01
• … The author conducted a regression analysis using the data of 1,981 female public servants throughout Japan. … The analysis of the two cohorts: local and non-local female public servants, revealed the following characteristics. … Working as a regular, local public servant has some status for people who live locally and public service is regarded as a good job. …
• NAID 110009885897

• 経済学検定試験を活用した公務員試験「財政学」対策について

• 山内 康弘
• 帝塚山学術論集 (21), 51-55, 2015-03
• NAID 40020387536

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関連記事	「service」「public」「serviced」

「service」

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• n.

• サービス

• v.

• サービスする

関

serviced

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「public」

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• 公共の、パブリックな、公衆の、大衆

関

multitude

　 　 　 　

「serviced」

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• サービスの

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service