Permanent teeth of right half of lower dental arch, seen from above
Details
Identifiers
Latin
dentes premolares
MeSH
D001641
TA
A05.1.03.006
FMA
55637
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The premolar teeth, or bicuspids, are transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth. In humans, there are two premolars per quadrant in the permanent set of teeth, making eight premolars total in the mouth.[1][2][3] They have at least two cusps. Premolars can be considered transitional teeth during chewing, or mastication. They have properties of both the canines, that lay anterior and molars that lay posterior, and so food can be transferred from the canines to the premolars and finally to the molars for grinding, instead of directly from the canines to the molars.[4]
Contents
1Human anatomy
1.1Morphology
2Orthodontics
3Other mammals
4Additional images
5See also
6References
Human anatomy
The premolars in humans are the maxillary first premolar, maxillary second premolar, mandibular first premolar, and the mandibular second premolar.[1][3] Premolar teeth by definition are permanent teeth distal to the canines, preceded by deciduous molars.[5]
Morphology
There is always one large buccal cusp, especially so in the mandibular first premolar. The lower second premolar almost always presents with two lingual cusps.[6]
The lower premolars and the upper second premolar usually have one root. The upper first usually has two roots, but can have just one root, notably in Sinodonts, and can sometimes have three roots.[7][8]
Orthodontics
The four first premolars are the most commonly removed teeth, in 48.8% of cases, when teeth are removed for orthodontic treatment (which is in 45.8% of orthodontic patients). The removal of only the maxillary first premolars is the second likeliest option, in 14.5% of cases.[9]
Other mammals
In primitive placental mammals there are four premolars per quadrant, but the most mesial two (closer to the front of the mouth) have been lost in catarrhines (Old World monkeys and apes, including humans). Paleontologists therefore refer to human premolars as Pm3 and Pm4.[10][11]
Additional images
Medical animation showing Premolar teeth and its arrangement in the mouth of an adult human being
Mouth (oral cavity)
Left maxilla, outer surface
Base of skull, interior surface
See also
Dentistry portal
Incisor
References
^ abRoger Warwick & Peter L. Williams, eds. (1973), Gray's Anatomy (35th ed.), London: Longman, pp. 1218–1220CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
^Weiss, M.L.; Mann, A.E (1985), Human Biology and Behaviour: An anthropological perspective (4th ed.), Boston: Little Brown, pp. 132–135, 198–199, ISBN 978-0-673-39013-4
^ abGlanze, W.D., Anderson, K.N., & Anderson, L.E, eds. (1990), Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary (3rd ed.), St. Louis, Missouri: The C.V. Mosby Co., p. 957, ISBN 978-0-8016-3227-3CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
^Weiss, M.L., & Mann, A.E. (1985), pp.132-134
^Warwick, R., & Williams, P.L. (1973), pp.1218-1219.
^Warwick, R., & Williams, P.L. (1973), p.1219.
^Standring, Susan (2015). Gray's Anatomy E-Book: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 518. ISBN 9780702068515.
^Kimura, R. et al. (2009). A Common Variation in EDAR Is a Genetic Determinant of Shovel-Shaped Incisors. In American Journal of Human Genetics, 85(4). Page 528. Retrieved December 24, 2016, from link.
^http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2176-94512016000100054&lng=en&tlng=en Frequency of orthodontic extraction, Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics
^Christopher Dean (1994). "Jaws and teeth". In Steve Jones, Robert Martin & David Pilbeam (eds.) (eds.). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–59. ISBN 978-0-521-32370-3.CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link) Also ISBN 0-521-46786-1 (paperback)
^Gentry Steele and Claud Bramblett (1988). The Anatomy and Biology of the Human Skeleton. p. 82. ISBN 9780890963265.
v
t
e
Dental anatomy
Nomenclature
Glossary of dentistry
Universal Numbering System
Teeth
Permanent
incisor
canine
premolar
molar
Deciduous
Maxillary teeth
Incisor
Central incisor
Lateral incisor
Canine
Premolar
First premolar
Second premolar
Molar
First molar
Second molar
Third molar
Mandibular teeth
Incisor
Central incisor
Lateral incisor
Canine
Premolar
First premolar
Second premolar
Molar
First molar
Second molar
Third molar
Parts
Crown
Cusp
Cusp of Carabelli
Zuckerkandl's tubercle
Pulp
Root canal
Apical foramen
Cementoenamel junction
Enamel
Dental-enamel junction
Dentin
Dental papilla
Mamelon
Dental alveolus
Authority control
TA98: A05.1.03.006
UpToDate Contents
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… specialized cells that produce the dental tissues and establish the tooth size and shape. The location and tooth type (eg, incisor, cuspid, premolar, molar) are thought to be genetically determined through the …
…into the incisive and mental branches just anterior to the first premolar tooth . The incisive branch innervates the first premolar, canine, and incisor teeth along with the associated vestibular …
… dentition. The maxillary lateral incisor and second premolar are the permanent teeth most frequently missing, and the mandibular central incisor is the primary tooth most frequently missing. Many children with …
… Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) consists of a spectrum of disorders caused by mutations in various genes whose protein products are expressed in myelin and/or axonal structures within peripheral nerves…
…for dental restorations. Tooth wear is seen on tooth surfaces that contact during biting or chewing. Lateral grinding forces in particular can be particularly destructive. Tooth wear alone, however, is …
English Journal
Aortopathy and regurgitation in bicuspid valve patients increase the risk of aortopathy in relatives.
Dayan V, Zuasnabar A, Citro R, Bossone E, Michelena HI, Parma G, Bellino M, Olascoaga A, Florio L, Body S, .
International journal of cardiology. 2019 Jul;286()117-120.
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most frequent cardiac congenital valvular disease. Although the BAV risk of first degree relatives (FDR) has been assessed (7-9%), there is little information as to the heritable risk for aortopathy. Identify the specific risk for regional aortopathy in FDR with tr
Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is a fibrous, degenerative calcification of the mitral valve. It is associated with endocarditis, coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, and congestive heart failure. Patients with severe MAC associated with mitral valve disease are considered poor candid
Seminars in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. ;31(2)153-154.
Reimplantation of the aortic valve is a procedure well recognized for its safety, excellent success in preserving the leaflets without a composite valve graft, and long-term durability. Unanswered questions are whether the procedure should be used for bicuspid valves and, if so, which ones, and also
… <p> This report describes an adult patient with mental retardation and congenital heart disease who underwent a tooth extraction under intravenous sedation. … The patient, an 18-year-old female, visited our hospital to undergo an orthodontics-related tooth extractions. … She had undergone the extraction of bilateral upper first premolars and the right lower first premolar under local anesthesia but had cried excessively during the treatment. …
Premolar teeth are between the canine front teeth and the molars. These are transitional teeth; teeth that transition between the tearing function of the canines and the grinding function of the molars.
Premolar definition is - situated in front of or preceding the molar teeth; especially : being or relating to those teeth of a mammal in front of the true molars and behind the canines when the latter are present.
Premolars, also called bicuspids, are the permanent teeth located between your molars in the back of your mouth and your canine teeth (cuspids) in the ... The gingival sulcus is the natural space between the tooth and ...