粉乳

WordNet

exploit as much as possible; "I am milking this for all its worth"
add milk to; "milk the tea"
take milk from female mammals; "Cows need to be milked every morning"
a white nutritious liquid secreted by mammals and used as food by human beings
any of several nutritive milklike liquids
produced by mammary glands of female mammals for feeding their young
a solid substance in the form of tiny loose particles; a solid that has been pulverized (同)pulverization, pulverisation
apply powder to; "She powdered her nose"; "The King wears a powdered wig"
any of various cosmetic or medical preparations dispensed in the form of a pulverized powder
a Cypriot monetary unit equal to one thousandth of a pound
a unit of length equal to one thousandth of an inch; used to specify thickness (e.g., of sheets or wire)
an angular unit used in artillery; equal to 1/6400 of a complete revolution
consisting of fine particles; "powdered cellulose"; "powdery snow"; "pulverized sugar is prepared from granulated sugar by grinding" (同)powdery, pulverized, pulverised, small-grained, fine-grained
the syllable naming the third (mediant) note of any major scale in solmization

PrepTutorEJDIC

(雌の哺乳(ほにゅう)動物が分泌する)乳,(特に食料としての)『牛乳』,『ミルク』 / (植物の)乳汁,乳剤,乳液 / 〈牛など〉‘の'乳をしぼる / 〈情報など〉‘を'引き出す;(…を)〈人〉‘から'しぼり取る《+『名』+『of』+『名』》 / (毒を)〈蛇〉‘から'抜き取る《+『名』+『of』+『名』》 / 〈牛などが〉乳を出す
〈U〉〈C〉『粉』,粉末 / 〈U〉おしろい / 〈U〉〈C〉粉薬 / 〈U〉火薬,爆薬(gunpowder) / 〈U〉粉雪 / …‘を'粉にする / (粉などを)…‘に'ふりかける《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / 〈顔など〉‘に'おしろいをつける / 粉になる / おしろいをつける
ミル(1000分の1インチ)
粉に覆われた / 粉末状の
ミ(全音階の第3音)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/18 00:48:18」(JST)

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Powdered milk

Powdered milk or dried milk is a manufactured dairy product made by evaporating milk to dryness. One purpose of drying milk is to preserve it; milk powder has a far longer shelf life than liquid milk and does not need to be refrigerated, due to its low moisture content. Another purpose is to reduce its bulk for economy of transportation. Powdered milk and dairy products include such items as dry whole milk, nonfat dry milk, dry buttermilk, dry whey products and dry dairy blends. Many dairy products exported conform to standards laid out in Codex Alimentarius.

Powdered milk is used for food and health (nutrition), and also in biotechnology (saturating agent)^{[clarification needed]}.

History and manufacture

Modified dry whole milk, fortified with vitamin D. This is the original container from 1947, provided by the Ministry of Food in London, England

While Marco Polo wrote of Mongolian Tatar troops in the time of Kublai Khan who carried sun-dried skimmed milk as "a kind of paste",^[1] the first modern production process for dried milk was invented by the Russian physician Osip Krichevsky in 1802.^[2] The first commercial production of dried milk was organized by the Russian chemist M. Dirchoff in 1832. In 1855, T.S. Grimwade took a patent on a dried milk procedure,^[3] though a William Newton had patented a vacuum drying process as early as 1837.^[4]

In modern times, powdered milk is usually made by spray drying^[5] nonfat skimmed milk, whole milk, buttermilk or whey. Pasteurized milk is first concentrated in an evaporator to approximately 50% milk solids. The resulting concentrated milk is then sprayed into a heated chamber where the water almost instantly evaporates, leaving fine particles of powdered milk solids.

Alternatively, the milk can be dried by drum drying. Milk is applied as a thin film to the surface of a heated drum, and the dried milk solids are then scraped off. However, powdered milk made this way tends to have a cooked flavor, due to caramelization caused by greater heat exposure.

Another process is freeze drying, which preserves many nutrients in milk, compared to drum drying.^{[citation needed]}

The drying method and the heat treatment of the milk as it is processed alters the properties of the milk powder, such as its solubility in cold water, its flavor, and its bulk density.

Food and health uses

Incolac powdered milk

Powdered milk is frequently used in the manufacture of infant formula, confectionery such as chocolate and caramel candy, and in recipes for baked goods where adding liquid milk would render the product too thin. Powdered milk is also widely used in various sweets such as the famous Indian milk balls known as Rasgulla and popular Indian sweet delicacy (sprinkled with desiccated coconut) known as Chum chum (made with skim milk powder).

Powdered milk is also a common item in UN food aid supplies, fallout shelters, warehouses, and wherever fresh milk is not a viable option. It is widely used in many developing countries because of reduced transport and storage costs (reduced bulk and weight, no refrigerated vehicles). Like other dry foods, it is considered nonperishable, and is favored by survivalists, hikers, and others requiring nonperishable, easy-to-prepare food.

Because of its resemblance to cocaine and other drugs, powdered milk is sometimes used in filmmaking as a non-toxic prop that may be inhaled.

Reconstitution

The weight of nonfat dry milk (NFDM) to use is about 10% of the water weight.^[6]^{[note 1]} Alternatively, one cup of potable fluid milk from powdered milk requires one cup of potable water and one-third cup of powdered milk.

Nutritional value

Milk powders contain all twenty-one standard amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, and are high in soluble vitamins and minerals.^[7] According to USAID,^[8] the typical average amounts of major nutrients in the unreconstituted nonfat dry milk are (by weight) 36% protein, 52% carbohydrates (predominantly lactose), calcium 1.3%, potassium 1.8%. Whole milk powder, on the other hand, contains on average 25-27% protein, 36-38% carbohydrates, 26-40% fat, and 5-7% ash (minerals). However, inappropriate storage conditions such as high relative humidity and high ambient temperature can significantly degrade the nutritive value of milk powder.^[9]

Commercial milk powders are reported to contain oxysterols (oxidized cholesterol)^[10] in higher amounts than in fresh milk (up to 30 μg/g, versus trace amounts in fresh milk).^[11] Oxysterols are derivatives of cholesterol that are produced either by free radicals or by enzymes. Some free radicals-derived oxysterols have been suspected of being initiators of atherosclerotic plaques.^[12] For comparison, powdered eggs contain even more oxysterols, up to 200 μg/g.^[11]

Export market

National household dried machine skimmed milk. This was U.S.-produced dry milk for food export in June 1944.

European production of milk powder is estimated around 800,000 tons of which the main volume is exported in bulk packing or consumer packs.

Brands on the market include "Nido", from the company Nestlé, "Incolac" from the company Belgomilk, and "Dutch Lady" from FrieslandCampina.

Adulteration

In the 2008 Chinese milk scandal, melamine adulterant was found in Sanlu infant formula, added to fool tests into reporting higher protein content. Thousands became ill, and some children died, after consuming the product.

In August 2013, as a precaution, China suspended all milk powder imports from New Zealand after a scare in the Asia-Pacific supply chain caused by botulism-causing bacteria was falsely detected in whey-protein. As a result of the product recall, the New Zealand dollar slipped significantly based on expected losses in sales from this single commodity.^[13]

Use in biotechnology

Fat-free powdered milk is used as a saturating agent to block nonspecific binding sites on supports like blotting membranes (Nitrocellulose, PVDF, Nylon),^[14] preventing binding of further detection reagents and subsequent background.^[15] It may be referred as Blotto. The major protein of milk, casein, is responsible for most of the binding site saturation effect.

Notes

^ Gisslen wrote, "910 g water + 90 g nonfat dry milk" ⟹ 90 g/910 g ≈ 0.0989 = 9.89%. Gisslen also wrote, "14.5 oz water + 1.5 oz nonfat dry milk" ⟹ 1.5 oz/14.5 oz ≈ 0.1034 = 10.34%. There's a value range, depending on weight system used, of 9.89-10.34% NFDM based on water weight when reconstituting nonfat or skim milk.

References

^ p. 262 in "The Book of Ser Marco Polo, Book 1" translated by Sir Henry Yule (3rd edition), Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1903
^ "В Рязани производят кошерное сухое молоко" [Kosher Milk is Produced in Ryazan]. Наша Рязань (in Russian). 16 February 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
^ p 277 in "Condensed Milk and Milk Powder, 3rd edition" authored and published by O.F. Hunziker, 1920
^ p 318 in "Foods: Their Composition and Analysis: A Manual for the Use of Analytical Chemists and Others" by A.W. Blyth, published by C. Griffin, 1896 http://www.archive.org/details/foodstheircompos00blyt
^ "Milk Powder" by K.N. Pearce, Food Science Section, New Zealand Dairy Research Institute. nzic.org.nz
^ Wayne Gisslen (2009). Professional Baking (5th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley. p. 77. ISBN 0-471-78349-8. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
^ Milk Powder Nutritional Information, US Dairy Export Council
^ USAID Commodities Reference Guide, Non Fat Dry Milk (Jan 2006)
^ M. Okamoto and R. Hayashi (1985) "Chemical and Nutritional Changes of Milk Powder Proteins under Various Water Activities" Agric. Biol. Chem., Vol.49 (6), pp 1683-1687.
^ p 655 in "Advanced Dairy Chemistry: Volume 2 - Lipids" by P.F. Fox and P. McSweeney, Birkhäuser, 2006 ISBN 978-0-387-26364-9
^ ^a ^b p 296 in "Toxins in Food" by W.M. Dabrowski and Z.E. Sikorski, CRC Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-8493-1904-4
^ RHubbard, RW; Ono, Y; Sanchez, A (1989). "Atherogenic effect of oxidized products of cholesterol". Progress in food & nutrition science 13 (1): 17–44. PMID 2678267.
^ Kiwi sinks on milk-powder ban as most Asian stock futures climb The Associated Press, Aug 2013
^ Technical sheet #768701, from Interchim
^ p 82 in "Lab Ref, Volume 2: A Handbook of Recipes, Reagents, and Other Reference Tools for Use at the Bench" by A.S. Mellick and L. Rodgers, CSHL Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-87969-630-6

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Powdered milk.

Oxysterolsnet.org

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Content and evolution of potential furfural compounds in commercial milk-based infant formula powder after opening the packet.

Chávez-Servín JL1, de la Torre Carbot K2, García-Gasca T2, Castellote AI3, López-Sabater MC3.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 Jan 1;166:486-91. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.050. Epub 2014 Jun 18.
Potential furfural compounds were examined by RP-HPLC-DAD in 20 commercial milk-based powdered infant formula (IF) brands from local markets from Paris, France; DF, Mexico; Copenhagen, Denmark; England, UK; and Barcelona, Spain. We traced the evolution of these compounds after the packets had been o
PMID 25053084

Characterization and genome sequence of Dev2, a new T7-like bacteriophage infecting Cronobacter turicensis.

Kajsík M1, Oslanecová L, Szemes T, Hýblová M, Bilková A, Drahovská H, Turňa J.
Archives of virology.Arch Virol.2014 Nov;159(11):3013-9. doi: 10.1007/s00705-014-2173-5. Epub 2014 Jul 15.
Cronobacter spp. are opportunistic pathogenic bacteria that are responsible for severe infections in neonates. Powdered infant formula was confirmed to be the source in some cases. Bacteriophages offer a safe means for eliminating this pathogen. In the present study, we investigated the growth param
PMID 25023334

Risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI) in infants with melamine-associated urolithiasis and follow-up: a multi-center retrospective analysis.

He Q1, Yue Z, Tang X, Chang H, Wang W, Shi W, Wang Z, Shang P.
Renal failure.Ren Fail.2014 Oct;36(9):1366-70. doi: 10.3109/0886022X.2014.945215. Epub 2014 Aug 26.
Abstract An epidemic of urinary tract stones was noted among infants in China, 2008. This event was believed to be associated with consumption melamine-contaminated powdered formula. The patients with symptoms and clinical manifests had already been analyzed in our previous studies. In this study, o
PMID 25155621

Japanese Journal

高脂肪食投与ラットにおける牛乳・乳製品摂取による骨代謝へ及ぼす影響

田辺里枝子,祓川摩有,曽我部夏子,木ノ内俊,高杉諭,星清子,五関‒曽根正江
日本栄養・食糧学会誌 66(2), 87-94, 2013
… 12週齢SD系雄ラット40匹を標準食（Normal）群，高脂肪食（Fat）群，高脂肪食＋脱脂粉乳（Fat＋Milk）群，高脂肪食＋発酵脱脂粉乳（Fat＋Yogurt）群，高脂肪食＋ホエイ（Fat＋Whey）群の5群に分けた。 … さらに血清1α,25（OH）2D3濃度では，Fat＋Milk群，Fat＋Whey群がFat群に比べてそれぞれ有意な低値を示した。 …
NAID 130003371134

島津レーザ回折式粒子径分布測定装置SALDシリーズの食品分野への応用 (特集食品分析)

木下健
島津評論 69(1・2), 71-78, 2012
NAID 40019460050

日本における中国産輸入食品の超格安の実態およびメカニズムと安全性問題

岩谷幸春
総合文化研究所紀要 29, 171-185, 2012
… The paper examines three case studies: traces of agricultural chemicals in frozen spinach, contamination of powdered milk with melamine, and food poisoning caused by frozen Chinese meat dumplings produced in China.In 2000, the producer price for spinach grown in Japan was 3.9 times higher than the export price for spinach grown in China. … In 2008, the price of Japanese milk as a raw material was 2.2 times higher than that in China. …
NAID 120005269026