support on poles; "pole climbing plants like beans"
deoxidize molten metals by stirring them with a wooden pole
one of the two ends of a magnet where the magnetism seems to be concentrated (同)magnetic_pole
a long (usually round) rod of wood or metal or plastic
a long fiberglass sports implement used for pole vaulting
one of two points of intersection of the Earths axis and the celestial sphere (同)celestial pole
one of two antipodal points where the Earths axis of rotation intersects the Earths surface
one of two divergent or mutually exclusive opinions; "they are at opposite poles"; "they are poles apart"
small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
In early Drosophila development, the first 13 cells pass through mitosis are nuclear divisions (karyokinesis) without cytokinesis, resulting in a multinucleate cell (generally referred to as a syncytium, but strictly a coenocyte[1]). Pole cells are the cells that form at the polar ends of the Drosophila egg, which begin the adult germ cells.[2] Pole plasm functions to bud the development of polar cells, as well as restore fertilization, even when the cell was previously sterile.[3]
Formation
During early development of the Drosophila development, pole plasm assembles at the posterior pole of the Drosophila embryo, allowing determination of the abdominal patterning. Late in oogenesis, polar organelles, which are electro-negative granules, are in the pole plasm. When the pole plasm further matures, it continues to consist of polar granules into the development of germ cells, which develop into adult germ cells.[4] Serine protease activity occurs less than 2 hours after the budding of the pole cells from the pole plasm, and ending just prior to the movement of the pole cells via gastrulation.[5] The patterning of the pole cells are determined by the activation of Oskar, which acts in the determination of body patterning segments.[6] Pole cells begin their migration in a cluster in the midgut primordium. To reach their final destination, pole cells must migrate through the epithelial wall. It is known that the cells migrate through the epithelial wall, but little is known about the mechanisms used to do so.[7]
References
^Willmer, P. G. (1990). Invertebrate Relationships : Patterns in Animal Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
^Saito, Kuniaki (2013). "The epigenetic regulation of transposable elements by PIWI-interacting RNAs in Drosophila". Genes & Genetic Systems. 88 (1): 9–17. doi:10.1266/ggs.88.9. ISSN 1341-7568.
^Kobayashi, Satoru; Okada, Masukichi (August 1989). "Mitochondrial lrRNA sequences restore pole cell-forming ability to UV-sterilized embryos". Cell Differentiation and Development. 27: 123. doi:10.1016/0922-3371(89)90382-1. ISSN 0922-3371.
^Harria, Adam; Macdonald, Paul (2001). "aubergine encodes a Drosophila polar granule component required for pole cell formation and related to eIF2C". Development. 128: 2823–2832.
^Jakobsen, Rasmus Kragh; Ono, Shin; Powers, James C.; DeLotto, Robert (2004-12-18). "Fluorescently labeled inhibitors detect localized serine protease activities in Drosophila melanogaster pole cells, embryos, and ovarian egg chambers". Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 123 (1): 51–60. doi:10.1007/s00418-004-0734-5. ISSN 0948-6143.
^Lin, Haifan; Wolfner, Mariana F. (January 1991). "The Drosophila maternal-effect gene fs(1)Ya encodes a cell cycle-dependent nuclear envelope component required for embryonic mitosis". Cell. 64 (1): 49–62. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90208-g. ISSN 0092-8674.
^Callaini, Giuliano; Riparbelli, Maria Giovanna; Dallai, Romano (August 1995). "Pole Cell Migration through the Gut Wall of the Drosophila Embryo: Analysis of Cell Interactions". Developmental Biology. 170 (2): 365–375. doi:10.1006/dbio.1995.1222. ISSN 0012-1606.
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…outer layer of cells (trophoblast) that will form the placenta and fetal membranes, an inner cell mass at one pole that will form the embryo, and a fluid filled cavity. The inner and outer cell masses multiply …
… patients with clear cell carcinoma (75 percent), 60 with papillary carcinoma (17 percent), and 222 with chromophobe carcinoma (6 percent). For patients with clear cell carcinoma,… including patients with upper-pole lesions >4 cm or upper-pole non-organ-confined tumor (T3 or greater).…
…Monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis (MBL) refers to a monoclonal population of B lymphocytes <5000 cells/microL (<5 x 109/L) in peripheral blood for ≥3 months, without other features of a B cell lymphoproliferative …
… newborn screening, fewer than half knew their sickle cell status prior to conception; only 34 of 60 (57 percent) with sickle cell disease or sickle cell trait had received professional hemoglobinopathy counseling; …
… name]) and is a more logical choice for children with NK cell deficiency. For patients with classical NK cell deficiency (CNKD) or functional NK cell deficiency (FNKD) who have experienced a life-threatening …
English Journal
Cerebellar Abnormalities in Mice Lacking Type 3 Deiodinase and Partial Reversal of Phenotype by Deletion of Thyroid Hormone Receptor α1.
Peeters RP, Hernandez A, Ng L, Ma M, Sharlin DS, Pandey M, Simonds WF, St Germain DL, Forrest D.SourceErasmus University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, Room Ee502, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands. r.peeters@erasmusmc.nl.
Endocrinology.Endocrinology.2013 Jan;154(1):550-61. doi: 10.1210/en.2012-1738. Epub 2012 Nov 16.
Thyroid hormone serves many functions throughout brain development, but the mechanisms that control the timing of its actions in specific brain regions are poorly understood. In the cerebellum, thyroid hormone controls formation of the transient external germinal layer, which contains proliferative
Three-dimensional culture of human breast epithelial cells: the how and the why.
Vidi PA, Bissell MJ, Lelièvre SA.SourceDepartment of Basic Medical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.).Methods Mol Biol.2013;945:193-219. doi: 10.1007/978-1-62703-125-7_13.
Organs are made of the organized assembly of different cell types that contribute to the architecture necessary for functional differentiation. In those with exocrine function, such as the breast, cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions establish mechanistic constraints and a comp
Structural analysis of the genome of breast cancer cell line ZR-75-30 identifies twelve expressed fusion genes.
Schulte I, Batty EM, Pole JC, Blood KA, Mo S, Cooke SL, Ng C, Howe KL, Chin SF, Brenton JD, Caldas C, Howarth KD, Edwards PA.AbstractABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: It has recently emerged that common epithelial cancers such as breast cancers have fusion genes like those in leukaemias. In a representative breast cancer cell line, ZR-75-30, we searched for fusion genes, by analysing genome rearrangements.
BMC genomics.BMC Genomics.2012 Dec 22;13(1):719. [Epub ahead of print]
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: It has recently emerged that common epithelial cancers such as breast cancers have fusion genes like those in leukaemias. In a representative breast cancer cell line, ZR-75-30, we searched for fusion genes, by analysing genome rearrangements.RESULTS: We first analysed rearrange