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The genus Pneumovirus consists of pathogens that work to target the upper respiratory tract within their specific host species. Every pneumovirus is characterized as host specific, and has a range of diseases involved with respiratory illness. Pneumoviruses can range from a less-severe upper-respiratory illness to severe bronchiolitis or pneumonia. Pneumoviruses are found among sheep, cows, and most importantly humans. In humans, the pneumovirus that specifically impacts infants and small children known as the Human respiratory syncytial virus.^[1] Pneumoviruses have been traced by researchers from the Center for Disease Control and the University Medica Centre in Utrecht, Netherlands on how pneumoviruses attack infants and small children.^[2]^[3]

Characteristics

The Pneumovirus genus is part of the Paramyxoviridae family of viruses which contain 3 segments of -ssRNA. Pneumoviruses are found specifically in the species of Homo sapiens, Ovis aries Capra aegagrus hircus, Bos primigenius, and Rodentia.^{[citation needed]}

The most common pneumoviruses are as follows:^{[citation needed]}

•Homo sapiens = Human respiratory syncytial virus

•Bos primigenius = Bovine respiratory syncytial virus

•Ovis aries = Ovine respiratory syncytial virus

•Capra aegagrus hircus = Caprine respiratory syncytial virus

•Rodentia = Pneumonia virus of mice

Symptoms

Mild symptoms may include rhinitis, coughing, and decreased appetite. More serious symptoms include wheezing, difficulty breathing, fever, bronchiolitis and pneumonia.^[4]

Risk Factors

Having a weak immune system and pre-existing conditions such as asthma can be leading factors in catching a pneumovirus. In elderly adults, having chronic heart or lung disease is also risk factor. Being in close proximity to a host who has been infected with a pneumovirus can also be a risk since most transmission happens via respiratory.^{[citation needed]}

Diagnosis

Transmission of an infectious agent by another person or animal can be through blood, needles, blood transfusion, a mother to fetus, coughing, sneezing, saliva, or air transmission. Healthcare providers will determine the severity of the virus and possible treatment options. Healthcare providers will also decide if hospitalization is needed for more intense cases.^[2]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Treatment

Treatment plans are not specific and are based upon a specific host's current symptoms. Antibiotics and isolation are the first course of action for the infected host. In more serious cases, supplemental oxygen may be used to aid in oxygen intake. In severe viral detection, intubation and the use of a mechanical ventilation will be inserted as a breathing apparatus.^[2]

Prevention

The best methods of prevention for pneumoviruses are covering cough and sneezing to prevent transmission of possible pathogens. Isolating animals and humans that have a pneumovirus is the best way to prevent the virus from spreading. Molecular studies have been on the rise due to continuing materials and information obtained regarding recombinant DNA arrangements that might offer a foundation for vaccine development. Currently animals are able to receive vaccines specific to their virus strand. During cold and peak flu season, infants and small children have the option to receive monthly injections of small medication doses at a weak strength to help prevent virus/ host attachment.^[7]^[8]

Cases

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most known Pneumovirus because of its direct correlation and importance in humans. RSV is the leading viral agent among pneumoviruses in pediatric upper respiratory diseases globally. New pneumoviruses have been discovered in the Netherlands among 28 children according to studies. Certain studies have isolated the children in hospitals to identify specific causes, contagion levels, and treatment options among those children.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b Van Den Hoogen, Bernadette G.; De Jong, Jan C.; Groen, Jan; Kuiken, Thijs; De Groot, Ronald; Fouchier, Ron A.M.; Osterhaus, Albert D.M.E. (2001). "A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease". Nature Medicine 7 (6): 719–24. doi:10.1038/89098. PMID 11385510.
^ ^a ^b ^c http://www.cdc.gov/rsv/about.infection.html^{[full citation needed]}
^ A.C. van de Pol, Wilhelmina Children's Hpspital, Dept. of Paediatrics, University Medica Centre Utrecht, Netherlands^{[page needed]}
^ ^a ^b Bennett, Nicholas; Ellis, John; Bonville, Cynthia; Rosenberg, Helene; Domachowske, Joseph (2007). "Immunization strategies for the prevention of pneumovirus infections". Expert Review of Vaccines 6 (2): 169–82. doi:10.1586/14760584.6.2.169. PMID 17408367.
^ http://www.healthline.com/health/disease-transmission#Overview1^{[full citation needed]}
^ McIntosh, K. M.; Chanock, R. M. (1985). "Respiratory Synoytial Virus". In Fields, Bernard N.; Knipe, David M.; Chanock, Robert M.; Hirsch, Martin S.; Melnick, Joseph L.; Monath, Thomas P.; Roizman, Bernard; Howley, Peter M.; Griffin, Diane E. Fields Virology. New York: Raven Press. pp. 1285–304. ISBN 978-0-88167-552-8.
^ medical-dectionary.thefreedictionary.com/pneuvovirus^{[full citation needed]}
^ Collins, Peter L. (1991). "The Molecular Biology of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) of the Genus Pneumovirus". In Kingsbury, David W. The Paramyxoviruses. The Viruses. pp. 103–62. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3790-8_4. ISBN 978-1-4613-6689-8.

English Journal

Immortalized MH-S cells lack defining features of primary alveolar macrophages and do not support mouse pneumovirus replication.

Brenner TA1, Rice TA1, Anderson ED1, Percopo CM1, Rosenberg HF2.
Immunology letters.Immunol Lett.2016 Feb 22. pii: S0165-2478(16)30021-9. doi: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.02.012. [Epub ahead of print]
The SV-40-transformed MH-S cell line maintains some, but not all, features of primary alveolar macrophages (AMs) from BALB/c mice. We show here that MH-S cells produce inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and CXCL10 in response to challenge with Gram-positive Lactobacillus reuteri, and to TLR2 and NOD2 ligan
PMID 26916143

Neutrophil extracellular traps cause airway obstruction during respiratory syncytial virus disease.

Cortjens B1, de Boer OJ2, de Jong R3, Antonis AF3, Sabogal Piñeros YS4, Lutter R4, van Woensel JB1, Bem RA1.
The Journal of pathology.J Pathol.2016 Feb;238(3):401-11. doi: 10.1002/path.4660. Epub 2015 Dec 21.
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) in young children worldwide. Extensive neutrophil accumulation in the lungs and occlusion of small airways by DNA-rich mucus plugs are characteristic features of severe RSV-LRTD. Acti
PMID 26468056

WHO informal consultation on surveillance of respiratory syncytial virus on the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) platform, 25–27 March 2015, Geneva, Switzerland.

[No authors listed]
Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire / Section d'hygiène du Secrétariat de la Société des Nations = Weekly epidemiological record / Health Section of the Secretariat of the League of Nations.Wkly Epidemiol Rec.2016 Jan 8;91(1):1-3.
PMID 26753193

Japanese Journal

３．ヒト・メタニューモウイルス

菊田英明
ウイルス 56(2), 173-181, 2006
　ヒト・メタニューモウイルス（human metapneumovirus: hMPV）は，2001年に発見されたウイルスで，パラミクソウイルス科，ニューモウイルス亜科，メタニューモウイルス属に分類された．hMPVの遺伝子は，8個の遺伝子を持ち，N-P-M-F-M2-SH-G-Lの遺伝子配列を示す．hMPVのアミノ酸配列は，トリに感染するトリ・ニューモウイルスに最も類似している．ヒトのウイルスの中 …
NAID 130004922918