WordNet

place something or someone in a certain position in order to secretly observe or deceive; "Plant a spy in Moscow"; "plant bugs in the dissidents apartment"
(botany) a living organism lacking the power of locomotion (同)flora, plant life
buildings for carrying on industrial labor; "they built a large plant to manufacture automobiles" (同)works, industrial plant
an actor situated in the audience whose acting is rehearsed but seems spontaneous to the audience
something planted secretly for discovery by another; "the police used a plant to trick the thieves"; "he claimed that the evidence against him was a plant"
put firmly in the mind; "Plant a thought in the students minds" (同)implant
put or set (seeds, seedlings, or plants) into the ground; "Lets plant flowers in the garden" (同)set
place into a river; "plant fish"
a sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue separating or binding together muscles and organs etc (同)facia
relating to or occurring on the undersurface of the foot; "plantar warts can be very painful"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(動物に対して)『植物』,草木・(樹木に対して)『草』,草本(そうほん)( 木部があまり発達せず地上部が一年で枯れる植物)・苗,苗木・生産設備,工場,プラント設備,装置・《俗》(人をおとしいれる)わな,おとり / 〈苗など〉‘を'『植える』,〈種〉‘を'まく・(植物を) ‘に'植える《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (…に)〈思想など〉‘を'植えつける《+『名』+『in』+『名』》・《場所の副詞[句]を伴って》(ある場所)…‘を'しっかりと置く(すえる,立てる) / ・〈工場・生産設備など〉‘を'建設する・《俗》〈スパイ〉‘を'送りこむ,〈わな〉‘を'仕掛ける・（嫌疑がかかるように）こっそり置く
(髪を束ねる)細ひも / 鼻隠(はなかくし)板(軒先のたる木の木口を隠す板)
足の裏の,足底の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/11 13:24:34」(JST)

wiki en

The plantar fascia is the thick connective tissue (aponeurosis) which supports the arch on the bottom (plantar side) of the foot. It runs from the tuberosity of the calcaneus (heel bone) forward to the heads of the metatarsal bones (the bone between each toe and the bones of the mid foot).

Structure

Anatomical diagrams illustrating the components of the plantar fascia.

Dissection of the plantar aponeurosis:

LP, lateral part; CP, central part; MP, medial part; L, length; W, width.

Five central part plantar aponeurosis bundles.

The plantar fascia is a broad structure that spans between the medial calcaneal tubercle and the proximal phalanges of the toes. Recent studies suggest that the plantar fascia is actually an aponeurosis rather than true fascia. The Dorland’s Medical Dictionary defines an aponeurosis as: (i) a white, flattened or ribbon-like tendinous expansion, serving mainly to connect a muscle with the parts that it moves, (ii) a term formerly applied to certain fasciae. Further, it defines the plantar aponeurosis as bands of fibrous connective tissue radiating toward the bases of the toes from the medial process of the tuber calcanei (posterior half of the calcaneus).

The plantar fascia is made up of predominantly longitudinally oriented collagen fibers. There are three distinct structural components: the medial component, the central component (plantar aponeurosis), and the lateral component (see diagram at right). The central component is the largest and most prominent.

In younger people the plantar fascia is also intimately related to the Achilles tendon, with a continuous fascial connection between the two from the distal aspect of the Achilles to the origin of the plantar fascia at the calcaneal tubercle. However, the continuity of this connection decreases with age to a point that in the elderly there are few, if any, connecting fibers. There are also distinct attachments of the plantar fascia and the Achilles tendon to the calcaneus so the two do not directly contact each other. Nevertheless, there is an indirect relationship whereby if the toes are dorsiflexed, the plantar fascia tightens via the windlass mechanism. If a tensile force is then generated in the Achilles tendon it will increase tensile strain in the plantar fascia. Clinically, this relationship has been used as a basis for treatment for plantar fasciitis, with stretches and night stretch splinting being applied to the gastrocnemius/soleus muscle unit.

Function

The effect of dorsiflexing the toes on arch height (A).The windlass mechanism (B).

The plantar fascia contributes to support of arch of the foot by acting as a tie-rod, where it undergoes tension when the foot bears weight. One biomechanical model estimated it carries as much as 14% of the total load of the foot. In an experiment using cadavers, it was found that failure of the plantar fascia averaged at loads of 1189 ± 244 newtons^[1] (121 ± 24 kgf or 267 ± 55 lbf). Interestingly, failure most often occurred at the proximal attachment to the calcaneus, which is consistent with the usual location of symptoms (i.e. in plantar fasciitis). Complete rupture or surgical release of the plantar fascia leads to a decrease in arch stiffness and a significant collapse of the longitudinal arch of the foot. By modeling it was predicted such conditions would result in a 17% increase in vertical displacement and a 15% increase in horizontal elongation of the foot when it was loaded at 683 newtons (154 lbf).^[2] Surgical release also significantly increases both stress in the plantar ligaments and plantar pressures under the metatarsal heads. Although most of the figures mentioned above are from either cadaver studies or investigations using models, they highlight the relatively large load the plantar fascia is subjected to while contributing to the structural integrity of the foot.

Gait

The plantar fascia also has an important role in dynamic function during gait. It was found the plantar fascia continuously elongated during the contact phase of gait. It went through rapid elongation before and immediately after mid-stance, reaching a maximum of 9% to 12% elongation between mid-stance and toe-off.^[3] During this phase the plantar fascia behaves like a spring, which may assist in conserving energy. In addition, the plantar fascia has a critical role in normal mechanical function of the foot, contributing to the "windlass mechanism". When the toes are dorsiflexed in the propulsive phase of gait, the plantar fascia becomes tense, resulting in elevation of the longitudinal arch and shortening of the foot (see 3A). One can liken this mechanism to a cable being wound around the drum of a windlass (see 3B); the plantar fascia being the cable, the metatarsal head the drum, and the handle, the proximal phalanx. Therefore, the plantar fascia has a number of roles, the most important of these including supporting the arch of the foot and contributing to the windlass mechanism.

Clinical significance

Plantar fasciitis

Plantar fasciitis is an often painful degenerative process of the plantar fascia.
- Calcaneal spur (heel spur) is a small calcified bone extension (osteophyte) located on the inferior aspect of the calcaneus or on the back of the heel at the insertion of the Achilles tendon. The condition is typically a response to plantar fasciitis over a period of time. It may also be related to ankylosing spondylitis, typically in children.

Other

Plantar fibromatosis is a relatively uncommon non-malignant thickening of the plantar fascia.
Psoriatic arthritis is a type of inflammatory arthritis that may affect the plantar fascia.

References

^ H. B. Kitaoka, Z. P. Luo, E. S. Growney, L. J. Berglund and K. N. An (October 1994). "Material properties of the plantar aponeurosis". Foot & ankle international 15 (10): 557–560. PMID 7834064.
^ G. A. Arangio, C. Chen and W. Kim (June 1997). "Effect of cutting the plantar fascia on mechanical properties of the foot". Clinical orthopaedics and related research (339): 227–231. PMID 9186224.
^ Amit Gefen (March 2003). "The in vivo elastic properties of the plantar fascia during the contact phase of walking". Foot & ankle international 24 (3): 238–244. PMID 12793487.

External links

Plantar_fascia at the Duke University Health System's Orthopedics program
soleoffoot at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (soleoffoot1)
Diagram at hipusa.com
Diagram at patient.co.uk

UpToDate Contents

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1. 足底筋膜炎 plantar fasciitis
2. 患者情報：踵痛（足底筋膜炎に起因する）（詳細） heel pain caused by plantar fasciitis beyond the basics
3. 成人における足の痛みの評価と一般的な原因の診断 evaluation and diagnosis of common causes of foot pain in adults
4. 下肢ランニング障害の概要 overview of running injuries of the lower extremity
5. 活動的な小児または骨格発達の未成熟な思春期における踵痛：原因の概要 heel pain in the active child or skeletally immature adolescent overview of causes

English Journal

Application of Ultrasound in the Assessment of Plantar Fascia in Patients With Plantar Fasciitis: A Systematic Review.

Mohseni-Bandpei MA1, Nakhaee M2, Mousavi ME3, Shakourirad A4, Safari MR3, Vahab Kashani R3.
Ultrasound in medicine & biology.Ultrasound Med Biol.2014 Aug;40(8):1737-1754. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.03.001. Epub 2014 May 3.
Plantar fasciitis (PFS) is one of the most common causes of heel pain, estimated to affect 10% of the general population during their lifetime. Ultrasound (US) imaging technique is increasingly being used to assess plantar fascia (PF) thickness, monitor the effect of different interventions and guid
PMID 24798393

A Population of Patient-Specific Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity Models Before and After Surgery.

Spratley EM1, Matheis EA, Hayes CW, Adelaar RS, Wayne JS.
Annals of biomedical engineering.Ann Biomed Eng.2014 Jun 12. [Epub ahead of print]
Following IRB approval, a cohort of 3-D rigid-body computational models was created from submillimeter MRIs of clinically diagnosed Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity patients and employed to investigate postoperative foot/ankle function and surgical effect during single-leg stance. Models were const
PMID 24920256

Multi-segment foot kinematics and ground reaction forces during gait of individuals with plantar fasciitis.

Chang R1, Rodrigues PA2, Van Emmerik RE3, Hamill J4.
Journal of biomechanics.J Biomech.2014 Jun 11. pii: S0021-9290(14)00342-X. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.06.003. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Clinically, plantar fasciitis (PF) is believed to be a result and/or prolonged by overpronation and excessive loading, but there is little biomechanical data to support this assertion. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences between healthy individuals and those with P
PMID 24992816

Japanese Journal

女子バスケットボール選手に発生した足底筋膜断裂の1例

整形外科と災害外科 66(2), 222-226, 2017
NAID 130005632102

1F13 立脚期における後足部の運動が足関節モーメントに与える影響に関する計算解析

バイオエンジニアリング講演会講演論文集 2016(28), "1F13-1"-"1F13-5", 2016-01-09
NAID 110010052086

アキレス腱付着部と足底腱膜付着部の骨棘と超音波画像における腱肥厚との関連

超音波医学 43(5), 663-668, 2016
NAID 130005414891

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「足底腱膜」「外側足底筋膜」
関連記事	「plant」「plantar」「planta」

「足底腱膜」

Plantar fascia
	Muscles of the sole of the foot. First layer. (Plantar aponeurosis visible at top center.)
Details
Latin	aponeurosis plantaris
Identifiers
Gray's	p.490
Dorlands; /Elsevier	12146774
TA	A04.7.03.031
FMA	45171
	Anatomical terminology