重層する

関: stratify、superposition

WordNet

form, arrange, or deposit in layers; "The fish are stratified in barrels"; "The rock was stratified by the force of the water"; "A statistician stratifies the list of names according to the addresses"
render fertile and preserve by placing between layers of earth or sand; "stratify seeds"
develop different social levels, classes, or castes; "Society stratifies when the income gap widens"
divide society into social classes or castes; "Income distribution often stratifies a society"
form layers or strata; "The rock stratifies"
(geology) the deposition of one geological stratum on another
(geometry) the placement of one object ideally in the position of another one in order to show that the two coincide
the placement of one thing on top of another
used up; "time is up"
raise; "up the ante"
extending or moving toward a higher place; "the up staircase"; "a general upward movement of fish" (同)upward
to a later time; "they moved the meeting date up"; "from childhood upward" (同)upwards, upward
spatially or metaphorically from a lower to a higher position; "look up!"; "the music surged up"; "the fragments flew upwards"; "prices soared upwards"; "upwardly mobile" (同)upwards, upward, upwardly
(used of computers) operating properly; "how soon will the computers be up?"
(usually followed by `on or `for'
being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level; "the anchor is up"; "the sun is up"; "he lay face up"; "he is up by a pawn"; "the market is up"; "the corn is up"
nearer to the speaker; "he walked up and grabbed my lapels"
open; "the windows are up"
to a higher intensity; "he turned up the volume"
to a more central or a more northerly place; "was transferred up to headquarters"; "up to Canada for a vacation"
place or lay as if in a pile; "The teacher piled work on the students until the parents protested"
a large sum of money (especially as pay or profit); "she made a bundle selling real estate"; "they sank megabucks into their new house" (同)bundle, big bucks, megabucks, big money
the yarn (as in a rug or velvet or corduroy) that stands up from the weave; "for uniform color and texture tailors cut velvet with the pile running the same direction" (同)nap
a column of wood or steel or concrete that is driven into the ground to provide support for a structure (同)spile, piling, stilt
a collection of objects laid on top of each other (同)heap, mound, agglomerate, cumulation, cumulus
the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle; approximately equal to 3.14159265358979323846...
the 16th letter of the Greek alphabet
(chiefly British) of or appropriate to the upper classes especially in language use

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘を'層に配列する,層にする / 〈社会・人〉‘を'階層に区別する / 層になる
《上への動作》『上へ』,上のほうへ / 《上の位置》『上に』,上のほうで / 『起こして』,立てて,直立して / (地図・紙面などの)『上へ(に)』,北のほうへ(に) / (遠くから)『近くへ,中心へ』;(周辺から)中心へ;(川下から)川上へ;(地方から)都会へ / (大きさ・量・価値・地位などが)『上のほうへ』,高く / (話者,話題の場所へ)『近づいて』,追いついて / 『活動して』,活動状態に / (物事・人が)現れて・起こって / 『すっかり』,完全に,終わって,…し尽くして / 保管(貯蔵)して;くるんだ(閉ざした)状態に / 《動詞を省略した命令文で》 / (野球・クリケットで)打席へ / (競技で)勝ち越して / (対抗の競技で)おのおの / 《移動・位置》『…の高いほうへ』,をのぼって;…の上のほうに / (川の)『上流へ』;(流れ・風)に逆らって;…の内陸(奥地)のほうへ / (自分が今いる所,またはある地点から前方へ)『…に沿って』 / 『上へ向かう』,(列車などが)上りの;上り坂の,(情勢などが)上向きの / 上り,上昇,上り坂 / 上昇気運,向上,幸運 / 上りの列車(バス・エレボーターなど) / 値上がり / …‘を'持ち上げる / …‘を'増大する,〈賃金・物価など〉‘を'引き上げる / 〈人〉‘を'昇進させる / 立ち上がる,起き上がる / 《and を伴って》急に(突然)…する
〈C〉(…の)『積み重ね』《+『of』+『名』》 / 《話》『多数』(…の),たくさん(の…),大量(の…)《+『of』+『名』》 / 《a~》《話》大金 / 〈C〉大建築物[群] / 〈C〉=nuclear reactor / 《副詞[句]を伴って》…‘を'『積み重ねる』,積み上げる / (…を)〈容器〉‘に'積み上げる,盛る《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / …‘を'畜積する,ためる《+『輝箇』+『名,』+『名』+『up』》 / 『積み重なる』,積もる《+『up』》 / 《話》《方向・状熊を表す副詞[句]を伴って》どやどやと動く
(建物の土台の)くい,パいる / …‘を'くいを打ち込む,くいで補強する
柔らかい毛,綿毛,むく毛 / (タオル地・じゅうたんなどの)けば;パイル織物
〈C〉パイ(ギリシア語アルファベットの第16字Π,π;英語のP,pに相当) / 〈U〉円周率(記号はπ)
ごちゃまぜの活字 / ごちゃまぜ,混乱
《集合的に》たくさんのくい / たくさんのくいで作った物

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/05/14 11:45:46」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

A multi-vehicle collision (colloquially known as a pile-up or chain-reaction crash^[1]) is a road traffic accident involving many vehicles. Generally occurring on high-capacity and high-speed routes such as freeways, they are one of the deadliest forms of traffic accidents. The most disastrous pile-ups have involved more than a hundred vehicles.

Causes

Pile-ups generally occur in low-visibility conditions as drivers on freeways are sometimes caught out by driving too close to the vehicle in front and not adjusting to the road conditions.

Chain-reaction crashes can also occur in conditions of good visibility, when black ice or other road hazards are encountered unexpectedly as drivers round a curve or crest a hill.^[1]

Due to the high traffic speeds on the road, if one car develops a problem and suddenly halts, those behind it cannot stop in time and may hit it. Considering that these roads often have high traffic volumes, more cars are forced into braking and skidding, darting into other lanes and in front of oncoming traffic and so more vehicles become involved, creating a chain reaction effect.

Determining the cause of such accidents is difficult for investigators and it is often impossible to tell if negligence caused the crash.

Effects

Multiple-vehicle collisions are particularly deadly as the mass of crumpled vehicles makes escape for survivors difficult. Even if survivors are able to exit their vehicles, other cars may strike them. Individual vehicles in a multiple-vehicle collision are often hit multiple times at high speed, increasing the risk of injury to passengers who may have survived the first impact with the benefit of now-discharged protective airbags. Collisions after the initial collision may occur from the side of the vehicle, where the passenger compartment is more vulnerable.

A fire in one part of the accident can quickly spread via spilled gasoline and cover the entire crash area. Multiple-vehicle collisions can also overwhelm local firefighting, ambulance, and police services making speedy rescues more difficult. If the accident takes place in a remote area, getting medical help to the scene can be a daunting task.

The destruction and intense heat of fires can also damage roadways, particularly by melting and burning the asphalt or spalling concrete surfaces. The structural steel of bridges and overpasses can also be weakened by the heat. A fiery pileup inside a tunnel is the most serious, as there is little means to escape the poisonous fumes, and the confined heat may damage structural supports.

The large scale of these accidents can close important highway routes for several days, or even longer if highway support structures are damaged.

Major pileups

Date	Killed	Injured	Vehicles	Details
01990-03-12-0000March 12, 1990	3	30	52	Interstate 43 in Green Bay, Wisconsin, United States, on the Tower Drive Bridge over the Fox River, due to very heavy fog; fiery crash involved 52 vehicles; 3 deaths and more than 30 injuries. A fog warning system was immediately installed, and bridge lighting was installed in the mid 2000s, after more fog related issues.
01990-12-11-0000December 11, 1990	12	42	99	Interstate 75 in Calhoun, Tennessee, United States, between Chattanooga and Knoxville near the Hiwassee River, due to very heavy fog; fiery crash involved 99 vehicles; 12 deaths and 42 injuries. A fog warning system has since been installed, and the highway patrol enforces speed limits aggressively.^[2]
01991-03-13-0000March 13, 1991	10	51	51	M4 in Hungerford, Berkshire, United Kingdom, between Membury and Hungerford due to very heavy fog; fiery crash involved 51 vehicles; 10 deaths. A van driver either fell asleep or swerved to miss a pigeon, in the outside lane. Huge pile-up ensured.
01992-04-01-0000April 1992	2	dozens	60	Interstate 64 in Virginia near Afton Mountain, due to fog, 60 vehicles, 2 deaths, dozens injured.^[3]
01991-10-01-0000October 1991	1	64	150	A15 Motorway near Ochten, Netherlands, due to fog, 150 vehicles, 1 death, 64 injuries.^[4]
01994-12-02-0000December 2, 1994		67	127	Interstate 35 in San Antonio, Texas, United States, 127 car pile-up caused by blinding glare and rain-slicked roads, 67 injuries.^[5]
01995-03-20-0000March 20, 1995	1	90	200	Interstate 10 in Mobile, Alabama, United States, due to fog, 200 vehicles, 1 death, 90 injuries.^[6]
01996-02-27-0000February 27, 1996	10	80	200	E17 motorway near Nazareth, Belgium, due to fog.^[7]
01997-03-10-0000March 10, 1997	3	60	160	M42 motorway in the United Kingdom, due to fog – 160 vehicles involved, 3 deaths, 60 injuries.^[8]^[9]
01998-12-31-0000December 31, 1998	1	39	114	114 cars crashed during whiteout conditions and ^[10] a snow-slicked section of N/B Interstate-75 in central Michigan, just north of Grayling, killing one and injuring 39.^[11]
01999-09-03-0000September 3, 1999	8	33	87	Highway 401 in Essex County, Ontario, Canada, just east of Windsor. Very dense fog and tailgating causes an 87-vehicle pile-up, killing 8, and injuring 33 more.^[12]^[13]
01999-11-22-0000November 22, 1999	2	29	83	Interstate 70 in Golden, Colorado, United States, when a car spun out in the westbound lanes in heavy snow and fog, then was hit by other vehicles as it attempted to resume westbound travel.^[14]
02001-02-01-0000February 2001			131	Interstate 95 in Stafford County, Virginia, United States, 131 vehicles plus two others nearby totaling 80 more, due to a snowstorm whiteout.^[15]
02002-03-01-0000March 2002			125	Interstate 75 in Catoosa County, Georgia, United States, due to one-time sudden fog, about 125 vehicles^[16]
02002-10-11-0000October 11, 2002	10	36	50	Interstate 43 in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, United States, just north of the Ozaukee-Sheboygan county line. Involved 50 vehicles due to dense fog. Considered the worst multiple-vehicle collision in Wisconsin history.^[17]
02002-11-03-0000November 3, 2002	0	41	216	Interstate 710 in Los Angeles County, California, United States, around 200 vehicles, due to dense fog.^[18]
02003-02-07-0000February 7, 2003	1	47	80	Interstate 94 in Berrien County, Michigan, United States, 80 vehicles (initially reported as 75), due to lake-effect snow.^[19]^[20]
02003-05-23-0000May 23, 2003	2	64	90	Interstate 68 in Garrett County, Maryland, United States, approximately 90 vehicles involved in accident near the I-68 cut on Big Savage Mountain. Heavy fog was blamed for the accident.^[21]
02004-01-06-0000January 6, 2004	6	17	50	Interstate 80 in Centre County, Pennsylvania, United States, around 50 vehicles, due to poor visibility during a white out snow squall, leaving 6 dead and 17 injured.^[22]
02005-01-12-0000January 12, 2005	2	35	200	Interstate 96 in Ingham County, Michigan, United States, around 200 vehicles, due to dense fog leaving 2 dead and 35 injured.^[23]^[24]
02007-11-05-0000November 5, 2007	2	dozens	100	Highway 99 south of Fresno, California, United States, due to the tule fog that occurs frequently in fall and winter; involved more than 100 vehicles, killed at least 2 and injured dozens of others.^[25]
02008-01-06-0000January 6, 2008	2		100	Two people are killed as 100 cars pile up on Interstate 90 near Madison, Wisconsin.^[26]
02008-01-09-0000January 9, 2008	4	38	70	Four people were killed and as many as 38 injured in a major pileup on Interstate 4 in north central Florida involving 70 vehicles, as fog mixed with smoke from a controlled fire that reached out-of-control proportions combined to make it almost impossible for motorists to see.^[27]
02008-01-20-0000January 20, 2008			100	More than 100 vehicles crashed into each other on Highway 400 near Toronto due to bad weather conditions.^[28]
02008-03-11-0000March 11, 2008	3	277	60	Around 6.39 am UAE time a series of vehicle crashes occurred, involving cars, SUVs, buses and trucks, because of heavy fog on the Abu Dhabi-Dubai highway near Ghantoot, Abu Dhabi, in the United Arab Emirates, leading to the worst ever crash and multi-vehicle pileup in the country’s history. According to Dubai-based Gulf News and Reuters, the incident killed 3 people and injured 277, involving 60 vehicles from which 25 caught fire according to Abu Dhabi Police.^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36]
02008-03-20-0000March 20, 2008	0	33	231	231 vehicles round about number of foci crashed at highway D1 in Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 30 people were injured, 3 of them seriously. Nobody was killed.^[37]^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43]
02008-03-25-0000March 25, 2008	1	6	60	A near 60 vehicle pile-up in heavy snow on Austria's main east-west highway causes one death with six injuries.^[44]
02009-01-11-0000January 11, 2009			50+	"More than 50 cars..." in Derry, New Hampshire^[45]
02009-01-19-0000January 19, 2009			35	A 35-car pileup occurs during a snowstorm on Interstate 70 in Myersville, Maryland.
02009-07-19-0000July 19, 2009		Dozens	259	Dozens of people injured, 10 critically, when 259 vehicles were involved in a pile-up due to heavy rain on the German Autobahn A2 near Braunschweig in Lower Saxony.^[46]
02009-12-13-0000December 13, 2009		52	56	56 cars involved in a pile-up on Route 110 in Shelton, Connecticut due to black ice resulting in 46 injuries and six hospitalizations, but no deaths or life-threatening injuries.^[47]
02009-12-23-0000December 23, 2009		36	43	M27 motorway 20 vehicles involved in a pile up westbound at Rownhams services and another 23 eastbound between J7 for Hedge End and Botley and J8 for Bursledon and Netley due to severe black ice, freezing fog and deep snow. 36 people injured.
02010-02-10-0000February 10, 2010		7	50	Near Williamsburg, Virginia, whiteout conditions during the morning around 9:00 am EST 10 February led to a fifty-car pileup on a stretch of westbound I-64. The accident took hours to clear, and seven people suffered minor injuries requiring hospitalization.^[48]
02010-02-14-0000February 14, 2010		13	140	In the Kansas City area, several pileups involving 140^[49] vehicles, including two Greyhound buses^[50] was caused by whiteout conditions. The largest pileup, involving 40 vehicles along I-70 and K-7 near the city of Bonner Springs, Kansas.^[49]^[50]^[51] No fatalities or critical injuries were reported. The accident closed I-70 for several hours so emergency workers and crews could clean up the area. The same day, also in the Kansas City metro area, a separate pileup caused by whiteout conditions, involving at least 20 vehicles closed parts of I-35 near 87th Street.^[50] No fatalities or serious injuries were reported there as well.^[50] The accident sent 13 people to area hospitals.^[51]
02010-11-16-0000November 16, 2010	2	16	75	Interstate 77 in Carroll County, Virginia-Virginia State Police determined that a total of 75 vehicles were involved in crashes in both the northbound and southbound lanes of I-77 between the 4 and 7 mile markers in the area of Fancy Gap, Virginia. Heavy fog resulting in zero visibility was determined to be the cause of the accidents.^[52]
02011-04-08-0000April 8, 2011	8	131	80+	An 80-car pileup occurs during a sandstorm on Autobahn 19 near Rostock, Germany (both directions). 8 death and 131 injured people.^[53]
02011-09-15-0000September 15, 2011	1	49	300	Rodovia dos Imigrantes at São Paulo, Brazil. around 300 vehicles involved in an accident due to heavy fog. Several injuries and one person dead.^[54]
02011-11-04-0000November 4, 2011	7	51	34	Near Taunton, Somerset, England. 34 vehicles involved in an accident near Junction 25 on the M5 motorway near Taunton due to fog and heavy rain. 7 confirmed deaths reported and 51 injured.^[55]
02011-12-01-0000December 1, 2011	1	16–18	176	Tennessee State Route 386 (Vietnam Veterans Boulevard) and Saundersville Road near Hendersonville in Sumner County, Tennessee, United States, north of Nashville, due to "heavy, heavy fog"; three separate chain-reaction crashes involving 176 vehicles; 1 death and 16–18 injuries. A fog advisory was not in effect for the area at the time of the crashes.^[56]^[57]^[58]^[59]
02011-12-03-0000December 3, 2011	1	14	134	Istanbul Trans European Motorway 134 cars involved with 1 dead, 14 injured, due to heavy fog and slippery road.
02012-02-03-0000February 3, 2012	-	+40	+100	European route E75 Helsinki, Finland more than 100 cars involved with more than 40 injured (1 critically), due to heavy snow and slippery road.^[60]^[61]
02011-12-29-0000December 29, 2011	2	59	40	I-10 in New Orleans, Louisiana; About 40 vehicles involved with at least 50 injuries (22 serious), due to heavy fog and smoke from a nearby ongoing marsh fire in New Orleans East.^[62]
02012-10-05-0000October 5, 2012	0	52	47	Interstate I-75 Southbound Sarasota/Manatee County line, Florida. On University Blvd. overpass 47 vehicles in 12 separate crashes, due to white-out rain.
02012-11-22-0000November 22, 2012	2	100	100+	Interstate I-10 – Both directions – Jefferson County line, Texas. 150-vehicle pileup on foggy Texas highway leaves 2 dead, 100 hurt.^[63]
02013-01-15-0000January 15, 2013	1	46	100	European route E4 Helsingborg. On University Blvd. One person died and more than 40 were injured on the E4 motorway near Helsingborg, southwestern Sweden, after an estimated 100 vehicles crashed into one another due to dense fog and slippery road conditions.^[64]
02013-01-21-0000January 21, 2013	1	27	103	Interstate 275 – Cincinnati, Ohio. Flash snowburst caused a large pileup with many injuries. A 12-year-old girl was killed.^[65]^[66]^[67]
02013-01-21-0000January 21, 2013	0	9	52	Interstate 75 – Middletown, Ohio. Flash snowburst caused a large pileup. Same storm as Cincinnati 103-vehicle accident that killed a 12-year-old girl.^[68]
02013-01-25-0000January 25, 2013	0	5	80	Highway 401 east of Oshawa – Ontario, Canada.^[69]
02013-01-31-0000January 31, 2013	3	20+	35+	Interstate 75 - Detroit, Michigan. Flash snowburst caused a pile-up along an urbanized section of Interstate 75 in Detroit, killing a 46-year-old Allen Park man, and two children from nearby Windsor, Ontario.^[70]
02013-03-31-0000March 31, 2013	3	25	95	Interstate 77 in Carroll County, Virginia approximately 95 vehicles were involved in an accident on the southbound lane of I-77 near the base of Fancy Gap Mountain near Fancy Gap, Virginia. Virginia State Police say that excessive fog could be to blame for the accident. Three people were killed.^[71]
02013-09-05-0000September 5, 2013	0	60	130+	60 people were injured as more than 130 vehicles were involved in a series of crashes in thick fog on the A249 Sheppey crossing in Kent, UK.^[72]
02013-12-03-0000December 3, 2013	2	67	132	One person was killed and 67 injured as 132 vehicles were involved in a triple chain collision in thick fog on the A19 in Zonnebeke, Belgium.^[73] A second person died four days later.^[74]
02014-01-23-0000January 23, 2014	3	20+	~46	Interstate 94 in LaPorte County, Indiana, United States, more than 40 vehicles, due to lake-effect snow.^[75]
02014-02-14-0000February 14, 2014	0	30	100	Up to 105 vehicles were involved in multiple accidents on the eastbound lanes of the Pennsylvania Turnpike between Willow Grove and Bensalem. One accident involved about 75 vehicles while another incident further east involved about 30 vehicles. There were a total of 30 injuries. The accidents were a result of icy conditions from a winter storm.^[76]
02014-02-27-0000February 27, 2014	0		96	Ontario Highway 400 south of Barrie, 96 vehicles were involved in collisions at about 9am during a snow squall, reducing visibility to "a few feet". The incident resulted in the closure of Highway 400 between Highway 89 and Mapleview Drive. Both lanes on that stretch of highway were closed for most of the day until early evening.^[77]
02014-03-01-0000March 1, 2014	1	30	104	Interstate 25 in Denver, Colorado, United States, 104 vehicles, due to heavy snow.^[78]
02014-03-12-0000March 12, 2014	3	"numerous"	90	Ninety vehicles between two crashes on the Ohio Turnpike (Interstate 80/90) in Sandusky County, Ohio, United States, due to heavy snow.^[79]^[80]

Motorsports

Multiple vehicle collisions can occur in the restricted courses used in motorsports as well, most commonly after a green flag (on road courses) being waved following a warm-up lap during the start of the race. Reporters and fans apply subjective guidelines as to what threshold needs to be crossed before a simple on-track incident can be described as such. NASCAR fans, for example, talk about 'The Big One', where many cars can be involved in a wreck while running close together.

References

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^ Nehodu na D1 zavinili řidiči, jeli rychle, Lidové noviny, 22 April 2008
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^ ^a ^b [2]^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Font size Print E-mail Share 14 Comments (14 February 2010). "Weather Causes Massive Crashes in Midwest". CBS News. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
^ ^a ^b [3]^{[dead link]}
^ "Two die in 75-car pileup on I-77". thecarrollnews.com. 16 November 2010.
^ "Germany: Freak sandstorm causes deadly motorway pile-up". BBC News. 9 April 2011.
^ "Folha.com – Cotidiano – Engavetamento mata 1 e envolve 300 carros, diz PM; pista da Imigrantes é liberada – 15/09/2011". .folha.uol.com.br. 15 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
^ John Maguire (5 November 2011). "BBC News – M5 crash: Fears 'more than 10 killed'". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
^ Dave Alsup (1 December 2011). "1 dead, 16 injured in Tennessee crashes involving 176 cars". CNN.com. Retrieved 2011-12-01.
^ "One Killed, 18 Injured In 55-Car Pileup On Vietnam Vets Blvd.". NewsChannel5.com. 1 December 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-01.
^ Scott Sutton (1 December 2011). "1 killed, 16 injured after 50-car pileup on Vietnam Vets Blvd.". WSMV.com. Retrieved 2011-12-01.
^ "100-plus vehicles involved in pileup, 1 dead, several injured". WRKN.com. 1 December 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-01.
^ "The Day Helsinki Stood Still – Snow Chaos With Video". hooniverse.com. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
^ "More than 40 injured in multiple accidents and massive delays to Helsinki public transport as snow and ice compound the chilly conditions". www.hs.fi. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
^ "After massive I-10 pileup, New Orleans East residents point to poor lighting". wwltv.com. Retrieved 2012-11-26.
^ Pearce, Matt (22 November 2012). "150-vehicle pileup on foggy Texas highway leaves 2 dead, 100 hurt". www.latimes.com. Retrieved 2012-11-22.
^ "100-car pile-up kills one, leaves dozens injured - The Local". Thelocal.se. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
^ "Scores of vehicles snared in Ohio highway pileups". Huffingtonpost.com. 2013-01-21. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
^ "I-275 accident grows to 96 cars". Cincinnati.com. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
^ "IN-DEPTH: I-275 pile-up leads to piles of paperwork". Cincinnati.com. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
^ "‘White-out’ conditions lead to 52-vehicle pileup on I-75". www.middletownjournal.com. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
^ Posted: Jan 25, 2013 4:11 PM ET (2013-01-26). "Hwy. 401 reopens after 80-vehicle pileup - Ottawa - CBC News". Cbc.ca. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
^ "3 die in United States road accident". Russia Today. 31 January 2013.
^ "UPDATED: 95 cars involved in I-77 crash in Carroll County". WDBJ7 Web Staff. 31 March 2013.
^ "Sheppey crossing crash: Dozens hurt as 130 vehicles crash". BBC News. 5 September 2013.
^ "Drievoudige kettingbotsing op A19 bij Zonnebeke". VRT News. 3 December 2013.
^ "Kettingbotsing A19 eist tweede mensenleven". VRT News. 7 December 2013.
^ Keagle, Lauri Harvey (24 January 2014). "Westbound I-94 Reopens after Fatal Michigan City Pileup". The Times of Northwest Indiana. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
^ "UPDATE: Pa. Turnpike Reopened After Massive Crash, All-Day Closure". Philadelphia, PA: KYW-TV. February 14, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2014.
^ "Highway 400 south of Barrie reopens after 96-vehicle pileup". CBC News. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
^ Mitchell, Kirk; Alison Noon (1 March 2014). "I-25 Pileup: 104 Vehicles Involved, 1 Killed, 30 Hospitalized after Snowy Disaster". The Denver Post. Retrieved 3 March 2014. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ McCray, Vanessa (15 March 2014). "Debris Cleared from Turnpike Fatal Crash Site". The Blade. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
^ Astolfi, Courtney (14 March 2014). "Turnpike Open, But Slow Going". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 15 March 2014.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 心臓植込み型電子デバイス：患者のフォローアップ cardiac implantable electronic devices patient follow up
2. 幼児における胃食道逆流 gastroesophageal reflux in infants
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4. 精巣胚細胞腫瘍の男性に対する治療後フォローアップ posttreatment follow up for men with testicular germ cell tumors
5. 古典的ホジキンリンパ腫患者の長期経過観察 long term follow up of the patient with classical hodgkin lymphoma

English Journal

Hierarchical hybrid film of MnO2 nanoparticles/multi-walled fullerene nanotubes-graphene for highly selective sensing of hydrogen peroxide.

Pan Y1, Hou Z2, Yi W2, Zhu W2, Zeng F3, Liu YN4.
Talanta.Talanta.2015 Aug 15;141:86-91. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.03.059. Epub 2015 Apr 2.
Hierarchical hybrid films of MnO2 nanoparticles/multi-walled fullerene nanotubes-graphene (MNPs/MWFNTs-GS) have been prepared via a simple wet-chemical method. For this purpose, MWFNTs (~300nm in length) are fabricated from tailoring multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and then inserted into GS
PMID 25966385

Increased diagnostic activity in general practice during the year preceding colorectal cancer diagnosis.

Hansen PL1, Hjertholm P1,2, Vedsted P1.
International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2015 Aug 1;137(3):615-24. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29418. Epub 2015 Jan 21.
Accurate diagnostic activity in general practice before colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosis is crucial for an early detection of CRC. This study aimed to investigate the rates of daytime consultations, hemoglobin (Hb) measurements and medicine prescriptions for hemorrhoids in general practice in the y
PMID 25559926

Cross-current leaching of indium from end-of-life LCD panels.

Rocchetti L1, Amato A1, Fonti V1, Ubaldini S2, De Michelis I3, Kopacek B4, Vegliò F3, Beolchini F5.
Waste management (New York, N.Y.).Waste Manag.2015 Aug;42:180-7. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.04.035. Epub 2015 May 18.
Indium is a critical element mainly produced as a by-product of zinc mining, and it is largely used in the production process of liquid crystal display (LCD) panels. End-of-life LCDs represent a possible source of indium in the field of urban mining. In the present paper, we apply, for the first tim
PMID 25997989

Japanese Journal

鋼管矢板基礎の発展と今後の展開 (特集日本が起源の技術)

和田克哉,桑嶋健
土木技術 67(7), 27-34, 2012-07
NAID 40019357242

Measurement of Inelastic, Diffractive and Exclusive Processes in pp Collisions with CMS(Forward and Diffraction Physics and Cosmic Rays,Multiparticle Dynamics)

MARONE Matteo
Progress of theoretical physics. Supplement (193), 189-192, 2012-04-27
… A measurement of the total, inelastic pp cross section at 7 TeV, based on the observation of pile-up events, is presented. …
NAID 110009436592

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英: superposition、stratify、pile up
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n.

重ね合わせ、重層

関: pile up、stratify

「up」

　　[★] 　　　　　　　　　　　　　

「pile」

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[Abel-1] Abel, David (December 2, 2013). "On busy travel day, black ice led to massive pileup in Worcester". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2013-12-03.

[2] "HAR-92/02". Ntsb.gov. Retrieved 12 December 2013.

[3] "VDOT looks to boost 1-64 safety over Afton - Richmond News, Crime & Politics". TimesDispatch.com. 2013-09-24. Retrieved 2014-02-17.

[4] (Dutch) http://www.rtl.nl/(/actueel/rtlnieuws/dossiers/dossier_paginas/jaaroverzicht_2005/)/components/actueel/rtlnieuws/2005/03_maart/04/binnenland/0304_1600_overzicht_kettingbotsingen.xml

[5] Newsbank http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_action=doc&p_docid=0F2232DF8880DAB7&p_docnum=27 |url= missing title (help).

[NatWeatherAsso-6] "Performance of Satellite Fog Detection Techniques" (PDF). "National Weather Association". Retrieved 28 December 2007.

[7] (Dutch) http://www.standaard.be/artikel/detail.aspx?artikelid=DST14082004_005

[8] "M42 death crash driver wins back his licence". Archive.worcesternews.co.uk. 10 November 2001. Retrieved 6 November 2010.

[9] Option or Necessity?

[10] "The Spokesman-Review". Retrieved 2013-02-07.

[11] CNN http://www.cnn.com/US/9812/31/michigan.pileup/ |url= missing title (help). ^{[dead link]}

[12] "401 Pileup Disaster". CBC News. 3 September 1999.

[13] "Top Ten Weather Stories of 1999 – Top Ten Weather Stories – [Meteorological Service of Canada – The Green Lane]". Msc-smc.ec.gc.ca. 23 April 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.

[14] "2 Killed, 29 Injured in Pileup on I-70 in Colorado". Los Angeles Times. 23 November 1999. Retrieved 23 November 2013.

[15] "Wrecks close interstates during snowstorm". USA Today. 23 February 2001. Retrieved 13 May 2010.

[16] "Massive pileup near Ga.-Tenn. line kills 4". CNN. 14 March 2002. Retrieved 13 May 2010.

[17] "At least 10 killed in multi-car crash in Wisconsin". USA Today. 11 October 2002. Retrieved 30 January 2012.

[18] Gottlieb, Jeff; Hernandez, Daniel (4 November 2002). "41 Hurt in 198-Vehicle Smashup". Los Angeles Times.

[19] "Intense Lake Effect Snow Band Causes 75-Vehicle Chain Reaction Pile-Up". Northern Indiana Weather Forecast Office, National Weather Service.

[20] Aiken, Scott (7 February 2004). "I-94 Pileup Memories Are Vivid a Year Later". The Herald-Palladium. Retrieved 3 January 2014.

[21] "I-68 Fog Detection System Planning Report". Sabra, Wang & Associates. 7 November 2003.

[22] "The Story of the Keystone Shortway". They Keystone Shortway Association. n.d.

[23] Macomb Daily : More than 100 vehicles pile up on I-96 01/13/05^{[dead link]}

[24] "Chain-Reaction Crashes In 2 States". CBS News. 13 January 2005.

[25] [1]^{[dead link]}

[26] "2 Killed, Dozens Hurt After 100-Vehicle Pileup On Interstate 90 – Madison News Story – WISC Madison". Channel3000.com. Retrieved 13 August 2010.

[27] The Associated Press: Fog Causes 70-Car Pileup in Fla.; 4 Dead^{[dead link]}

[28] "Whiteout causes 100-vehicle pile-up near Toronto". Reuters. 20 January 2008.

[29] "Horrific accident on Abu Dhabi-Dubai highway near Ghantoot". GulfNews.com. Retrieved 6 November 2010.

[30] "Five killed, 277 injured in Ghantoot accident". Xpress4me. Retrieved 6 November 2010.

[31] "Photo Gallery – Five killed, 277 injured in Ghantoot accident". Xpress4me. Retrieved 6 November 2010.

[32] "Reuters Video report – Hundreds hurt in UAE horror crash". Reuters.com. 9 February 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2010.

[33] "REFILE-UAE's biggest traffic accident kills 3, injures 277". Reuters. 11 March 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2010.

[34] Yahoo! News India – Eight killed in horrific 200-car pileup on Dubai-Abu Dhabi highway^{[dead link]}

[35] Reuters (3 November 2008). "Traffic pileup leaves 3 dead, 300 hurt – Some of the 60 cars burst into flames on Dubai-Abu Dhabi highway". MSNBC. Retrieved 6 November 2010.

[36] "YouTube Video – Dubai – Abu Dhabi Crash – the Aftermath". Youtube.com. 11 March 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2010.

[ct24-37] Na Vysočině je D1 po hromadné nehodě průjezdná oběma směry, web ČT24, 21 March 2008

[novinky-38] Největší hromadná nehoda zablokovala dálnici D1 na 11 hodin, Novinky.cz, 20 March 2008

[zjihlavy-39] D1: Největší nehoda všech dob, Z Jihlavy, nezávislý infoserver, 21 March 2008

[lidovky-40] Nehodu na D1 zavinili řidiči, jeli rychle, Lidové noviny, 22 April 2008

[blazek-41] Tomáš Blažek: Sníh umrtvil D1 za 4 minuty, MF Dnes, 22 March 2008, supplement Vysočina, p. 1

[vaca-42] Jan Vaca: Policie pozná, kdo jel rychle, MF Dnes, 22 March 2008. str. 2

[aktualne-43] Michal Pavec: Škoda za havárii desetiletí na D1 činí 28 milionů, Aktuálně.cz, 21 April 2008

[44] "Whiteout One dead in 60-vehicle pile-up on Austrian motorway | Reuters". Mobile.alertnet.org. 25 March 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2010.

[45] "More than 50 vehicles involved in I-93 crash". Theunionleader.com. 12 January 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2010.

[46] "Dozens injured in 259-car autobahn pileup – The Local". Thelocal.de. Retrieved 13 August 2010.

[47] "50 car pile-up in Shelton closes Rt 110". Wtnh.com. Retrieved 13 August 2010.

[48] "Winter weather causes 50 car pile-up". WAVY (LIN Television Corporation). Retrieved 11 February 2010.

[kansascity.com-49] [2]^{[dead link]}

[cbsnews.com-50] Font size Print E-mail Share 14 Comments (14 February 2010). "Weather Causes Massive Crashes in Midwest". CBS News. Retrieved 13 August 2010.

[stltoday.com-51] [3]^{[dead link]}

[52] "Two die in 75-car pileup on I-77". thecarrollnews.com. 16 November 2010.

[53] "Germany: Freak sandstorm causes deadly motorway pile-up". BBC News. 9 April 2011.

[54] "Folha.com – Cotidiano – Engavetamento mata 1 e envolve 300 carros, diz PM; pista da Imigrantes é liberada – 15/09/2011". .folha.uol.com.br. 15 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-05.

[55] John Maguire (5 November 2011). "BBC News – M5 crash: Fears 'more than 10 killed'". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-11-05.

[56] Dave Alsup (1 December 2011). "1 dead, 16 injured in Tennessee crashes involving 176 cars". CNN.com. Retrieved 2011-12-01.

[57] "One Killed, 18 Injured In 55-Car Pileup On Vietnam Vets Blvd.". NewsChannel5.com. 1 December 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-01.

[58] Scott Sutton (1 December 2011). "1 killed, 16 injured after 50-car pileup on Vietnam Vets Blvd.". WSMV.com. Retrieved 2011-12-01.

[59] "100-plus vehicles involved in pileup, 1 dead, several injured". WRKN.com. 1 December 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-01.

[hooniverse.com-60] "The Day Helsinki Stood Still – Snow Chaos With Video". hooniverse.com. Retrieved 2012-02-18.

[www.hs.fi-61] "More than 40 injured in multiple accidents and massive delays to Helsinki public transport as snow and ice compound the chilly conditions". www.hs.fi. Retrieved 2012-02-18.

[wwltv.com-62] "After massive I-10 pileup, New Orleans East residents point to poor lighting". wwltv.com. Retrieved 2012-11-26.

[www.latimes.com-63] Pearce, Matt (22 November 2012). "150-vehicle pileup on foggy Texas highway leaves 2 dead, 100 hurt". www.latimes.com. Retrieved 2012-11-22.

[64] "100-car pile-up kills one, leaves dozens injured - The Local". Thelocal.se. Retrieved 2013-02-07.

[65] "Scores of vehicles snared in Ohio highway pileups". Huffingtonpost.com. 2013-01-21. Retrieved 2013-02-07.

[66] "I-275 accident grows to 96 cars". Cincinnati.com. Retrieved 2013-02-07.

[67] "IN-DEPTH: I-275 pile-up leads to piles of paperwork". Cincinnati.com. Retrieved 2013-02-07.

[68] "‘White-out’ conditions lead to 52-vehicle pileup on I-75". www.middletownjournal.com. Retrieved 2013-02-07.

[69] Posted: Jan 25, 2013 4:11 PM ET (2013-01-26). "Hwy. 401 reopens after 80-vehicle pileup - Ottawa - CBC News". Cbc.ca. Retrieved 2013-02-07.

[70] "3 die in United States road accident". Russia Today. 31 January 2013.

[71] "UPDATED: 95 cars involved in I-77 crash in Carroll County". WDBJ7 Web Staff. 31 March 2013.

[72] "Sheppey crossing crash: Dozens hurt as 130 vehicles crash". BBC News. 5 September 2013.

[73] "Drievoudige kettingbotsing op A19 bij Zonnebeke". VRT News. 3 December 2013.

[74] "Kettingbotsing A19 eist tweede mensenleven". VRT News. 7 December 2013.

[75] Keagle, Lauri Harvey (24 January 2014). "Westbound I-94 Reopens after Fatal Michigan City Pileup". The Times of Northwest Indiana. Retrieved 24 January 2014.

[76] "UPDATE: Pa. Turnpike Reopened After Massive Crash, All-Day Closure". Philadelphia, PA: KYW-TV. February 14, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2014.

[77] "Highway 400 south of Barrie reopens after 96-vehicle pileup". CBC News. Retrieved February 28, 2014.

[78] Mitchell, Kirk; Alison Noon (1 March 2014). "I-25 Pileup: 104 Vehicles Involved, 1 Killed, 30 Hospitalized after Snowy Disaster". The Denver Post. Retrieved 3 March 2014. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

[79] McCray, Vanessa (15 March 2014). "Debris Cleared from Turnpike Fatal Crash Site". The Blade. Retrieved 15 March 2014.

[80] Astolfi, Courtney (14 March 2014). "Turnpike Open, But Slow Going". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 15 March 2014.

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