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The 1931 CIE photopic luminosity function. The horizontal axis is wavelength in nm.

Photopic vision is the vision of the eye under well-lit conditions. In humans and many other animals, photopic vision allows color perception, mediated by cone cells, and a significantly higher visual acuity and temporal resolution than available with scotopic vision.

The human eye uses three types of cones to sense light in three bands of color. The biological pigments of the cones have maximum absorption values at wavelengths of about 420 nm (blue), 534 nm (Bluish-Green), resp. 564 nm (Yellowish-Green). Their sensitivity ranges overlap to provide vision throughout the visible spectrum. The maximum efficacy is 683 lm/W at a wavelength of 555 nm (green).^[1]

The wavelengths for when a person is in photopic vary with the intensity of light. For the blue-green region (500 nm), 50% of the light reaches the image point of the retina.^[2]

Adaptation is much faster under photopic vision. Adaptation can occur in 5 minutes for photopic vision but it can take 30 minutes to transition from photopic to scotopic.^[2]

Most older adults lose photopic spatial contrast sensitivity. Adults in their 70s require about three times more contrast to detect high spatial frequencies than adults in their 20s.^[3]

The human eye uses scotopic vision under low-light conditions, and mesopic vision in intermediate conditions.

References

^ Pelz, J. (1993). Leslie D. Stroebel, Richard D. Zakia, ed. The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography (3E ed.). Focal Press. p. 467. ISBN 0-240-51417-3.
^ ^a ^b "Molecular Expressions".
^ Burton, Kerri B.; Cynthia Owsley; Michale E. Sloane (4 June 1992). "Aging and Neural Spatial Contrast Sensitivity: Photopic Vision". Vision Research 33 (7): 939–949. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(93)90077-a. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)

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English Journal

Confirming a prediction of the calcium hypothesis of photoreceptor aging in mice.

Berkowitz BA1, Grady EM2, Roberts R2.
Neurobiology of aging.Neurobiol Aging.2014 Aug;35(8):1883-91. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.02.020. Epub 2014 Mar 2.
Prior work in healthy rats supported a calcium hypothesis of photoreceptor aging, wherein progressive age-related declines in photopic vision are explainable by the extent of earlier escalating d-cis-diltiazem-insensitive increases in photoreceptor L-type calcium channel (LTCC) activity in vivo. Un
PMID 24680323

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Malik A1, Arya SK, Sood S, Sarda SB, Narang S.
International ophthalmology.Int Ophthalmol.2014 Jun;34(3):505-9. doi: 10.1007/s10792-013-9842-3. Epub 2013 Aug 15.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of pterygium on contrast sensitivity. Thirty-six eyes with pterygium and 18 eyes without pterygium were included in the study. The size of the pterygium was measured on the slit lamp both vertically at the limbus and categorized into three groups (
PMID 23948947

Differences in Neuroretinal Function between Adult Males and Females.

Ozawa GY1, Bearse MA Jr, Harrison WW, Bronson-Castain KW, Schneck ME, Barez S, Adams AJ.
Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.Optom Vis Sci.2014 Jun;91(6):602-7. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000255.
PURPOSE: To determine whether neuroretinal function differs in healthy adult males and females younger and older than 50 years.METHODS: This study included one eye from each of 50 normal subjects (29 females and 21 males). Neuroretinal function was assessed using first-order P1 implicit times (ITs)
PMID 24748031

Japanese Journal

杵体細胞の錐体拮抗型色メカニズムに対する影響(視聴覚の基礎と応用,マルチモーダル,感性情報処理,一般)

竹下祐,岡嶋克典,辻村誠一
映像情報メディア学会技術報告 38(46), 5-7, 2014-11-21
ヒトの色知覚には,2種類の錐体拮抗型色メカニズムがある.1つは赤色と緑色を反対色として知覚する|M-L|錐体拮抗型色メカニズムであり,もう1つは青色と黄色を反対色として知覚する|L+M-S|錐体拮抗型色メカニズムである.一方,薄明視では,これら錐体細胞による反対色メカニズムだけではなく杵体細胞も色の知覚に影響を与えることが広く知られている.本研究では3種類の錐体細胞と杵体細胞を独立に刺激可能な4原 …
NAID 110009885399

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上野真治
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NAID 40020212678

Cone visual pigments.

Imamoto Yasushi,Shichida Yoshinori
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1837(5), 664-673, 2014-05
… This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Retinal Proteins - You can teach an old dog new tricks.Cone visual pigments are visual opsins that are present in vertebrate cone photoreceptor cells and act as photoreceptor molecules responsible for photopic vision. …
NAID 120005439157