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of speech sounds produced by forcing air through a constricted passage (as `f, `s, `z, or `th in both `thin and `then' (同)continuant, sibilant, spirant, strident
of or relating to the throat; "pharyngeal fricatives"

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摩擦子音([f],[v],[θ],[δ],[s],[z],[S],[g],[h]などと表される子音) / 摩擦音の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/20 18:02:21」(JST)

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A pharyngeal consonant is a type of consonant which is articulated with the root of the tongue against the pharynx. Epiglottals and epiglotto-pharyngeals are often mistakenly taken to be pharyngeal.

Pharyngeal consonants in the IPA

Pharyngeal consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA):

IPA	Description	Example (Somali)
IPA	Description	Orthography	IPA	Meaning
	pharyngeal approximant	caadi	[ʕaːdi]	normal^{[citation needed]}
	voiceless pharyngeal fricative	xood	[ħol] (help·info)	cane^{[citation needed]}

Although traditionally placed in the fricative row of the IPA chart, [ʕ] is usually an approximant. The IPA symbol itself is ambiguous, but no language has a distinct fricative and approximant at this place of articulation. Sometimes the lowering diacritic is used to specify that the manner is approximant: [ʕ̞].
When pharyngeal stops are posited, they are sometimes transcribed with a small capital Q, ⟨Q⟩. However, no language makes such sounds consistently, and most so-called pharyngeal stops are more precisely epiglottal.^[1]

Characteristics

Pharyngeals are known primarily from three areas of the world: in North-Africa/Mideast (in the Semitic, Berber, and Cushitic language families); in the Caucasus (in the Northwest Caucasian, and Northeast Caucasian language families); and in British Columbia (in the Salishan, and Wakashan language families). There are scattered reports of pharyngeals elsewhere, such as in the Nilo-Saharan Tama language. In Finnish, a weak pharyngeal fricative is the realization of /h/ after the vowels /ɑ/ or /æ/ in syllable-coda position, e.g. [tæħti] 'star', but since this is mere allophony, it is transcribed as /h/. According to the laryngeal theory, the Proto-Indo-European language might also have contained pharyngeal consonants.

Note that reported pharyngeals frequently turn out to be epiglottals. Such was the case for Dahalo and northern Haida, for example, and is likely to be true for many if not most of the others. This is perhaps because 'epiglottal' was only recently recognized as a distinct place of articulation, rather than a variant of 'pharyngeal'. Contrastive pharyngeals and epiglottals are known only from the Richa dialect of Aghul, a Lezgian language of Dagestan:^[2] /ħaw/ "udder" vs. /ʜatʃ/ "apple" and /ʕan/ "belly" vs. /ʢakʷ/ "light".

In 1995 a possible new place of articulation, epiglotto-pharyngeal, was reported.^{[citation needed]}

Notes

^ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 37. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
^ Kodzasov, S. V. Pharyngeal Features in the Daghestan Languages. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (Tallinn, Estonia, Aug 1-7 1987), pp. 142-144.

General references

Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.

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English Journal

Improved imaging of lingual articulation using real-time multislice MRI.

Kim YC, Proctor MI, Narayanan SS, Nayak KS.SourceMing Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA. yoonckim@usc.edu
Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.J Magn Reson Imaging.2012 Apr;35(4):943-8. doi: 10.1002/jmri.23510. Epub 2011 Nov 29.
PURPOSE: To develop a real-time imaging technique that allows for simultaneous visualization of vocal tract shaping in multiple scan planes, and provides dynamic visualization of complex articulatory features.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Simultaneous imaging of multiple slices was implemented using a cust
PMID 22127935

Speech therapy for compensatory articulations and velopharyngeal function: a case report.

Bispo NH, Whitaker ME, Aferri HC, Neves JD, Dutka Jde C, Pegoraro-Krook MI.SourceDepartment of Speach-Patology and Audiology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB.J Appl Oral Sci.2011 Nov-Dec;19(6):679-84.
The objective of this study was to describe the process of intensive speech therapy for a 6-year-old child using compensatory articulations while presenting with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) and a history of cleft lip and palate. The correction of VPI was temporarily done with a pharyngeal obt
PMID 22231007

Japanese Journal

Placeless vs. Pharyngeal for Japanese /h/

Yamane Noriko
音韻研究 (18), 177-188, 2015
NAID 40020418881

The Codification of Dictionary Traditions in Japanese Loanword Epenthetic Vowels (貝山道博教授行方久生教授退職記念特集)

Irwin Mark,アーウィンマーク
山形大学紀要. 社会科学 43(2), 111-124, 2013-02
… What is notable, however, is that these vestiges are almost entirely confined to borrowings from German, Dutch and Arabic and occur only after a donor velar or pharyngeal fricative. …
NAID 120005254120

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「咽頭摩擦音」
関連記事	「pharyngeal」

「咽頭摩擦音」

　　[★]

英: pharyngeal fricative
同: 咽頭音 pharyngeal sound

「pharyngeal」

　　[★]

adj.

咽頭の

関: pharynx、throat

[1] Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 37. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.

[2] Kodzasov, S. V. Pharyngeal Features in the Daghestan Languages. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (Tallinn, Estonia, Aug 1-7 1987), pp. 142-144.

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pharyngeal fricative