関: Nembutal、pentobarbital calcium、pentobarbital sodium

同: Nembutal

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/05/20 19:19:56」(JST)

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Pentobarbital (US English) or pentobarbitone (UK English) is a short-acting barbiturate. Pentobarbital can occur as both a free acid and as salts of elements such as sodium and calcium. The free acid is only slightly soluble in water and ethanol.^[1]^[2]

One brand name for this drug is Nembutal, coined by John S. Lundy, who started using it in 1930, from the structural formula of the sodium salt—Na (sodium) + ethyl + methyl + butyl + al (common suffix for barbiturates).^[3] Nembutal is trademarked and manufactured by the Danish pharmaceutical company Lundbeck, (now produced by Akorn pharmaceuticals) and is the only injectable form of pentobarbital approved for sale in the United States.^[4]

In high doses, pentobarbital causes death by respiratory arrest. In the United States, the drug has been used for executions of convicted criminals. Lundbeck (one of many manufacturers) does not permit its sale to prisons or corrections departments to carry out the death penalty.^[5]

Uses

Medical

Typical applications for pentobarbital are sedative, hypnotic for short term, preanesthetic and control of convulsions in emergencies.^[6]

It is also used as a veterinary anesthetic agent.^[7]

Pentobarbital also has an application in reducing intracranial pressure in Reye's syndrome, traumatic brain injury and induction of coma in cerebral ischemia patients.^[8] Pentobarbital-induced coma has been advocated in patients with acute liver failure refractory to mannitol.^[9]

Euthanasia

Pentobarbital can induce death when used in high doses. It is used for euthanasia for humans as well as nonhumans. It is also used by itself, or in combination with complementary agents such as phenytoin, in commercial animal euthanasia injectable solutions.

In the Netherlands, the standard protocol for physician-assisted suicide is intravenously induced thiopental anesthesia, followed by bromide of alcuronium- or pancuronium-induced respiratory arrest. A concentrated oral solution of 100 mL containing 9 grams of pentobarbital sodium along with sugar syrup in a 20% ethanol solution is a standard solution used for self-administration by patient.^[10]

The oral dosage of pentobarbital indicated for physician-assisted death in the United States states of Oregon, Washington, Vermont, and California (as of January, 2016) is typically 10 g in liquid form.^[11]^[12] This is considerably higher than the dose for the management of status epilepticus.^[13]

Execution

Pentobarbital has been used or considered as a substitute for other drugs traditionally used for capital punishment in the United States when they are in short supply.^[14] Such use however is illegal under Danish law, and when this was discovered, after public outcry in Danish media, Lundbeck, the owner of the drug, stopped selling it to US states that practice the death penalty. US distributors of the drug are forbidden by the owner to sell it to any customers, such as several state authorities, that practice or participate in executions of humans.^[15]

Texas began using pentobarbital for executing death-row inmates by lethal injection on July 18, 2012.^[16] The use of pentobarbital has been considered by several states, including Ohio, Arizona, Idaho, and Washington; those states made the decision to switch following shortages of pancuronium bromide, a muscle relaxant previously used as one component in a three-drug cocktail.^[17]^{[unreliable source?]}^{[dubious – discuss]}

In October 2013, Missouri changed its protocols to allow for a compounded pentobarbital to be used in a lethal dose for executions.^[18] On November 20, 2013, Joseph Paul Franklin was executed by the state of Missouri.^[19] He was the first inmate executed in three years in the state and the first to die by a single dose of pentobarbital.^[20]

Metabolism

Pentobarbital undergoes first-pass metabolism in the liver and possibly the intestines.^[21]

Drug interactions

Administration of ethanol, benzodiazepines, opioids, antihistamines, other sedative-hypnotics, and other central nervous system depressants will cause possible additive effects.^[8]

Chemistry

Pentobarbital is synthesized by methods analogous to that of amobarbital, the only difference being that the alkylation of α-ethylmalonic ester is carried out with 2-bromopentane (not 1-bromo-3-methylbutane) to give pentobarbital.^[22]^[23]^[24]

References

^ "Pentobarbital Compound summary (CID4737)". Pubchem. NCBI.
^ "FR1972_08_25_17226" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration.
^ Fosburgh LC (1997). "From this point in time: Some memories of my part in the history of anesthesia--John S. Lundy, MD". AANA Journal. 65 (4): 323–328. PMID 9281913.
^ Jolly, David (1 Jul 2011). "Danish Company Blocks Sale of Drug for U.S. Executions". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 Nov 2013.
^ "Ohio says it will switch to new drugs for executions". Reuters. Oct 28, 2013.
^ "NEMBUTAL SODIUM (pentobarbital sodium) injection, solution". DailyMed, National Institutes of Health.
^ "International". Drugs.com.
^ ^a ^b "Pentobarbital". Monograph. AHFS / Drugs.com.
^ Stravitz RT, Kramer AH, Davern T, Shaikh AO, Caldwell SH, Mehta RL, Blei AT, Fontana RJ, McGuire BM, Rossaro L, Smith AD, Lee WM (2007). "Intensive care of patients with acute liver failure: Recommendations of the U.S. Acute Liver Failure Study Group". Critical Care Medicine. 35 (11): 2498–2508. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000287592.94554.5F. PMID 17901832.
^ "Euthanica". Euthanesia Dossier (in Dutch). NRC Webpagina's.
^ Jennifer Fass; Andrea Fass (2011). "Physician-assisted Suicide: Ongoing Challenges for Pharmacists". Am J Health Syst Pharm. 68 (9): 846–849. doi:10.2146/ajhp100333. PMID 21515870.
^ Philip Nitschke; Fiona Stewart (2006). The Peaceful Pill Handbook. Exit International US Ltd. p. 137. ISBN 0978878809.
^ Lexi-Comp Inc. (2010) Lexi-Comp Drug Information Handbook 19th North American Ed. Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp Inc. ISBN 978-1-59195-278-7.^{[page needed]}
^ "States urge feds to help import lethal injection drugs". CNN. May 21, 2012.
^ "The Hidden Hand Squeezing Texas' Supply of Execution Drugs". Time. 7 August 2013.
^ "Texas executes Yokamon Hearn with pentobarbitol". BBC News. 18 July 2012.
^ "Texas executes Yokamon Hearn". Retrieved 20 July 2012.
^ "Lethal injection: Secretive US states resort to untested drugs - BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-03-17.
^ https://news.yahoo.com/missouri-executes-serial-killer-franklin-122636393.html^{[full citation needed]}
^ http://www.christianpost.com/news/joseph-paul-franklin-executed-first-mo-inmate-killed-using-pentobarbital-109150/^{[full citation needed]}
^ Knodell RG, Spector MH, Brooks DA, Keller FX, Kyner WT (1980). "Alterations in pentobarbital pharmacokinetics in response to parenteral and enteral alimentation in the rat". Gastroenterology. 79 (6): 1211–1216. PMID 6777235.
^ Volwiler, E. H.; Tabern, D. L. (1930). "5,5-SUBSTITUTED BARBITURIC ACIDS". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 52 (4): 1676–1679. doi:10.1021/ja01367a061.
^ German imperial patent, D.R.P. 293163 (1916), Bayer
^ GB patent 650354, Wilde, B. E. & Balaban, I. E., "Improvements in the manufacture of substituted barbituric and thiobarbituric acids", issued 1951-02-21, assigned to Geigy

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における痙攣性のてんかん重積状態：治療および予後 convulsive status epilepticus in adults treatment and prognosis
2. 小児における痙攣を伴うてんかん重積状態のマネージメント management of convulsive status epilepticus in children
3. 成人におけるてんかんの外科的治療 surgical treatment of epilepsy in adults
4. 急性重度外傷性脳損傷のマネージメント management of acute severe traumatic brain injury
5. 小児に対する手術室外での鎮静処置に使用する薬剤の選択 selection of medications for pediatric procedural sedation outside of the operating room

English Journal

Spatiotemporal Changes of Neuronal Responses in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex to Noxious Tail Stimulation in Awake and Pentobarbital-Anesthetized Rats.

Kuo CC1, Lee JC2, Chiou RJ3, Tsai ML4, Yen CT2.
The Chinese journal of physiology.Chin J Physiol.2015 Oct 31;58(5). pii: CJP.2015.BAD291. doi: 10.4077/CJP.2015.BAD291. [Epub ahead of print]
Primary somatosensory cortex (SI) is a key area in the processing of nociceptor inputs to our consciousness. To clarify the columnar and laminar organization of SI for pain processing, we compared spatiotemporal changes in neuronal activities of the primary sensorimotor cortex (SmI) of the rat in re
PMID 26387657

Brainstem node for loss of consciousness due to GABAA receptor-active anesthetics.

Minert A1, Devor M2.
Experimental neurology.Exp Neurol.2015 Oct 2. pii: S0014-4886(15)30103-5. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.10.001. [Epub ahead of print]
The molecular agents that induce loss of consciousness during anesthesia are classically believed to act by binding to cognate transmembrane receptors widely distributed in the CNS and critically suppressing local processing and network connectivity. However, previous work has shown that microinject
PMID 26436687

Mutational Analysis of the Putative High-Affinity Propofol Binding Site in Human β3 Homomeric GABAA Receptors.

Eaton MM1, Cao LQ1, Chen Z1, Franks NP1, Evers AS1, Akk G2.
Molecular pharmacology.Mol Pharmacol.2015 Oct;88(4):736-45. doi: 10.1124/mol.115.100347. Epub 2015 Jul 23.
Propofol is a sedative and anesthetic agent that can both activate GABAA receptors and potentiate receptor activation elicited by submaximal concentrations of the transmitter. A recent modeling study of the β3 homomeric GABAA receptor postulated a high-affinity propofol binding site in a hydrophobi
PMID 26206487

Japanese Journal

ラット肝損傷モデルを用いたキチン類スポンジ止血材の止血効果に関する研究

山田賢治,徳永尊彦,新倉保,黒住誠司,藤岡保範,樽井武彦,後藤英昭,松田剛明,島崎修次,山口芳裕
杏林医学会雑誌 44(1), 3-11, 2013
　10週令以降のWistar系雄ラット20匹に対し，全身麻酔下に腹壁正中切開にて肝臓を露出，肝外側左葉辺縁から5mmの位置に直径3mmの貫通創を作製し肝損傷モデルとした。脱脂綿とスポンジ型に加工されたキチン類を試料として創内部に充填し，2 分，3 分，5 分経過後に除去して，30 秒毎に創内に溜まる血液を吸引しながら，止血までの時間と出血量を測定した。また非充填と脱脂綿，キチン類とコラーゲンを試料 …
NAID 130003364543

ラット脳の線条体において,ペントバルビタールは一酸化窒素の放出を減少させるが,ケタミンはコリン作動性神経制御と無関係に一酸化窒素の放出を増大させる

KIMURA-KUROIWA Kaori,ADACHI Yushi U.,MIMURO Soichiro [他],KAWAMATA Mikito,SATO Shigehito,MATSUDA Naoyuki
Experimental animals 61(2), 165-170, 2012-04-01
… Pentobarbital (PB) and ketamine (Ket) influence the concentration of neurotransmitters in the brain. …
NAID 10030555974

Analysis of the Methodology of Rabbit's Brain Tissue Transplantation Experiment

Jin Xuelong,Liang Bin
Journal of brain science 38, 35-44, 2012-03-30
… Method: Twenty healthy male, Japanese white rabbits with long ears (about three months after birth) of clean degree, weighting between 1.2kg and 1.3kg, were anaesthetized by 3% pentobarbital sodium in vein before receiving an intracerebral transplantation operation. …
NAID 110009444533

「ペントバルビタール」

Pentobarbital
Clinical data
Trade names	Nembutal
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a682416
License data	US FDA: Pentobarbital;
Pregnancy; category	AU: C; US: D (Evidence of risk); ;
Routes of; administration	By mouth, IV, IM, rectal; also intraperitoneal & intracardiac (for animal euthanasia)
ATC code	N05CA01 (WHO) QN51AA01 (WHO);
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S8 (Controlled); CA: Schedule IV; DE: Anlage III (Prescription only); UK: Class B; US: Schedule II; UN: Psychotropic Schedule III; In general: ℞ (Prescription only);
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	70–90% (oral); 90% (rectal)
Protein binding	20–45%
Metabolism	Liver
Biological half-life	15–48 hours
Excretion	Kidney
Identifiers
	IUPAC name 5-Ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione;
CAS Number	76-74-4 ;
PubChem CID	4737;
IUPHAR/BPS	5480;
DrugBank	DB00312 ;
ChemSpider	4575 ;
UNII	I4744080IR;
KEGG	D00499 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:7983 ;
ChEMBL	CHEMBL448 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.895
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C11H18N2O3
Molar mass	226.27
3D model (Jmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES O=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)C1(C(C)CCC)CC ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C11H18N2O3/c1-4-6-7(3)11(5-2)8(14)12-10(16)13-9(11)15/h7H,4-6H2,1-3H3,(H2,12,13,14,15,16) ; Key:WEXRUCMBJFQVBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
(verify)

　　[★]

英: pentobarbital
ラ: pentobarbitalum
商: ネンブタール Nembutal
化: ペントバルビタールナトリウム pentobarbital sodium
関

「pentobarbital sodium」

　　[★]

ペントバルビタールナトリウム

関: Nembutal、pentobarbital、pentobarbital calcium

「pentobarbital calcium」

　　[★]

ペントバルビタールカルシウム

関: pentobarbital、pentobarbital sodium

「pentobarbitalum」

　　[★] ペントバルビタール

[pubchem-1] "Pentobarbital Compound summary (CID4737)". Pubchem. NCBI.

[2] "FR1972_08_25_17226" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration.

[Nembutal-3] Fosburgh LC (1997). "From this point in time: Some memories of my part in the history of anesthesia--John S. Lundy, MD". AANA Journal. 65 (4): 323–328. PMID 9281913.

[4] Jolly, David (1 Jul 2011). "Danish Company Blocks Sale of Drug for U.S. Executions". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 Nov 2013.

[5] "Ohio says it will switch to new drugs for executions". Reuters. Oct 28, 2013.

[6] "NEMBUTAL SODIUM (pentobarbital sodium) injection, solution". DailyMed, National Institutes of Health.

[7] "International". Drugs.com.

[monograph-8] "Pentobarbital". Monograph. AHFS / Drugs.com.

[pentobarbital-9] Stravitz RT, Kramer AH, Davern T, Shaikh AO, Caldwell SH, Mehta RL, Blei AT, Fontana RJ, McGuire BM, Rossaro L, Smith AD, Lee WM (2007). "Intensive care of patients with acute liver failure: Recommendations of the U.S. Acute Liver Failure Study Group". Critical Care Medicine. 35 (11): 2498–2508. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000287592.94554.5F. PMID 17901832.

[netherlands-10] "Euthanica". Euthanesia Dossier (in Dutch). NRC Webpagina's.

[11] Jennifer Fass; Andrea Fass (2011). "Physician-assisted Suicide: Ongoing Challenges for Pharmacists". Am J Health Syst Pharm. 68 (9): 846–849. doi:10.2146/ajhp100333. PMID 21515870.

[pph-12] Philip Nitschke; Fiona Stewart (2006). The Peaceful Pill Handbook. Exit International US Ltd. p. 137. ISBN 0978878809.

[lexicomp-13] Lexi-Comp Inc. (2010) Lexi-Comp Drug Information Handbook 19th North American Ed. Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp Inc. ISBN 978-1-59195-278-7.^{[page needed]}

[14] "States urge feds to help import lethal injection drugs". CNN. May 21, 2012.

[15] "The Hidden Hand Squeezing Texas' Supply of Execution Drugs". Time. 7 August 2013.

[16] "Texas executes Yokamon Hearn with pentobarbitol". BBC News. 18 July 2012.

[17] "Texas executes Yokamon Hearn". Retrieved 20 July 2012.

[18] "Lethal injection: Secretive US states resort to untested drugs - BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-03-17.

[19] ttps://news.yahoo.com/missouri-executes-serial-killer-franklin-122636393.html^{[full citation needed]}

[20] ttp://www.christianpost.com/news/joseph-paul-franklin-executed-first-mo-inmate-killed-using-pentobarbital-109150/^{[full citation needed]}

[first-pass-21] Knodell RG, Spector MH, Brooks DA, Keller FX, Kyner WT (1980). "Alterations in pentobarbital pharmacokinetics in response to parenteral and enteral alimentation in the rat". Gastroenterology. 79 (6): 1211–1216. PMID 6777235.

[22] Volwiler, E. H.; Tabern, D. L. (1930). "5,5-SUBSTITUTED BARBITURIC ACIDS". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 52 (4): 1676–1679. doi:10.1021/ja01367a061.

[23] German imperial patent, D.R.P. 293163 (1916), Bayer

[24] GB patent 650354, Wilde, B. E. & Balaban, I. E., "Improvements in the manufacture of substituted barbituric and thiobarbituric acids", issued 1951-02-21, assigned to Geigy

v t e GABA_A receptor PAMs

Alcohols	Brometone Butanol Chloralodol Chlorobutanol (cloretone) Ethanol (drinking alcohol) Ethchlorvynol Isobutanol Isopropanol Menthol Methanol Methylpentynol Pentanol Petrichloral Propanol tert-Butanol (2M2P) tert-Pentanol (2M2B) Tribromoethanol Trichloroethanol Triclofos Trifluoroethanol

Barbiturates	(-)-DMBB Allobarbital Alphenal Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbexaclone Barbital Benzobarbital Benzylbutylbarbiturate Brallobarbital Brophebarbital Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital Butalbital Buthalital Butobarbital Butallylonal Carbubarb CP-1414S Crotylbarbital Cyclobarbital Cyclopentobarbital Difebarbamate Enallylpropymal Ethallobarbital Eterobarb Febarbamate Heptabarb Heptobarbital Hexethal Hexobarbital Metharbital Methitural Methohexital Methylphenobarbital Narcobarbital Nealbarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Phetharbital Primidone Probarbital Propallylonal Propylbarbital Proxibarbital Reposal Secobarbital Sigmodal Spirobarbital Talbutal Tetrabamate Tetrabarbital Thialbarbital Thiamylal Thiobarbital Thiobutabarbital Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital Valofane Vinbarbital Vinylbital

Benzodiazepines	2-Oxoquazepam 3-Hydroxyphenazepam Adinazolam Alprazolam Arfendazam Avizafone Bentazepam Bretazenil Bromazepam Brotizolam Camazepam Carburazepam Chlordiazepoxide Ciclotizolam Cinazepam Cinolazepam Clazolam Climazolam Clobazam Clonazepam Clonazolam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam Cyprazepam Delorazepam Demoxepam Diazepam Diclazepam Doxefazepam Elfazepam Estazolam Ethyl carfluzepate Ethyl dirazepate Ethyl loflazepate Etizolam EVT-201 FG-8205 Fletazepam Flubromazepam Flubromazolam Fludiazepam Flunitrazepam Flurazepam Flutazolam Flutemazepam Flutoprazepam Fosazepam Gidazepam Halazepam Haloxazolam Iclazepam Imidazenil Irazepine Ketazolam Lofendazam Lopirazepam Loprazolam Lorazepam Lormetazepam Meclonazepam Medazepam Menitrazepam Metaclazepam Mexazolam Midazolam Motrazepam N-Desalkylflurazepam Nifoxipam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Nitrazepate Nitrazolam Nordazepam Nortetrazepam Oxazepam Oxazolam Phenazepam Pinazepam Pivoxazepam Prazepam Premazepam Proflazepam Pyrazolam QH-II-66 Quazepam Reclazepam Remimazolam Rilmazafone Ripazepam Ro48-6791 Ro48-8684 SH-053-R-CH3-2′F Sulazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Tolufazepam Triazolam Triflubazam Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904) Tuclazepam Uldazepam Zapizolam Zolazepam Zomebazam

Carbamates	Carisbamate Carisoprodol Clocental Cyclarbamate Difebarbamate Emylcamate Ethinamate Febarbamate Felbamate Hexapropymate Lorbamate Mebutamate Meprobamate Nisobamate Pentabamate Phenprobamate Procymate Styramate Tetrabamate Tybamate

Flavonoids	6-Methylapigenin Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin) Apigenin Baicalein Baicalin Catechin EGC EGCG Hispidulin Linarin Luteolin Rc-OMe Skullcap constituents (e.g., baicalin) Wogonin

Imidazoles	Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate

Kava constituents	10-Methoxyyangonin 11-Methoxyyangonin 11-Hydroxyyangonin Desmethoxyyangonin 11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain 7,8-Dihydroyangonin Kavain 5-Hydroxykavain 5,6-Dihydroyangonin 7,8-Dihydrokavain 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin 5,6-Dehydromethysticin Methysticin 7,8-Dihydromethysticin Yangonin

Monoureides	Acecarbromal Apronal (apronalide) Bromisoval Carbromal Capuride Ectylurea

Neuroactive steroids	Acebrochol Allopregnanolone (SAGE-547) Alfadolone Alfaxalone Anabolic steroids 3α-Androstanediol Androstenol Androsterone Cholesterol DHDOC 3α-DHP 5α-DHP 5β-DHP DHT Etiocholanolone Ganaxolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone Org 20599 Org 21465 P1-185 Pregnanolone (eltanolone) Progesterone Renanolone SAGE-105 SAGE-217 SAGE-324 SAGE-516 SAGE-689 SAGE-872 Testosterone THDOC

Nonbenzodiazepines	β-Carbolines: Abecarnil Gedocarnil Harmane SL-651,498 ZK-93423; Cyclopyrrolones: Eszopiclone Pagoclone Pazinaclone Suproclone Suriclone Zopiclone; Imidazopyridines: Alpidem DS-1 Necopidem Saripidem Zolpidem; Pyrazolopyrimidines: Divaplon Fasiplon Indiplon Lorediplon Ocinaplon Panadiplon Taniplon Zaleplon; Others: Adipiplon CGS-8216 CGS-9896 CGS-13767 CGS-20625 CL-218,872 CP-615,003 CTP-354 ELB-139 GBLD-345 JM-1232 L-838,417 Lirequinil (Ro41-3696) NS-2664 NS-2710 NS-11394 Pipequaline ROD-188 RWJ-51204 SB-205,384 SX-3228 TGSC01AA TP-003 TPA-023 TP-13 U-89843A U-90042 Viqualine Y-23684

Phenols	Fospropofol Propofol Thymol

Piperidinediones	Glutethimide Methyprylon Piperidione Pyrithyldione

Pyrazolopyridines	Cartazolate Etazolate ICI-190,622 Tracazolate

Quinazolinones	Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone SL-164

Volatiles/gases	Acetone Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Aliflurane Benzene Butane Butylene Centalun Chloral Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloroform Cryofluorane Desflurane Dichloralphenazone Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethyl chloride Ethylene Fluroxene Gasoline Halopropane Halothane Isoflurane Kerosine Methoxyflurane Methoxypropane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Norflurane Paraldehyde Propane Propylene Roflurane Sevoflurane Synthane Teflurane Toluene Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) Trichloroethylene Vinyl ether

Others/unsorted	3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium bromide, sodium bromide) Carbamazepine Chloralose Chlormezanone Clomethiazole DEABL Dihydroergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergosine, dihydroergotamine, ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)) DS2 Efavirenz Etazepine Etifoxine Fenamates (e.g., flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, niflumic acid, tolfenamic acid) Fluoxetine Flupirtine Hopantenic acid Lanthanum Lavender oil Lignans (e.g., 4-O-methylhonokiol, honokiol, magnolol, obovatol) Loreclezole Menthyl isovalerate (validolum) Monastrol Niacin Nicotinamide (niacinamide) Org 25,435 Phenytoin Propanidid Retigabine (ezogabine) Safranal Seproxetine Stiripentol Sulfonylalkanes (e.g., sulfonmethane (sulfonal), tetronal, trional) Terpenoids (e.g., borneol) Topiramate Valerian constituents (e.g., isovaleric acid, isovaleramide, valerenic acid, valerenol) Unsorted benzodiazepine site PAMs: MRK-409 (MK-0343) TCS-1105 TCS-1205

See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • GABA receptor modulators

リンク元	「ペントバルビタール」
拡張検索	「pentobarbital sodium」「pentobarbital calcium」「pentobarbitalum」

匿名

検索

案内

案内

pentobarbital