WordNet

internal organs collectively (especially those in the abdominal cavity); "`viscera is the plural form of `viscus" (同)entrails, innards
of or relating to the pelvis; "pelvic exam"; "pelvic inflammation"

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内臓 / 《話》腸
骨盤の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/11 10:40:29」(JST)

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Not to be confused with viscous.

"Viscera" and "Visceral" redirect here. For other uses, see Viscera (disambiguation). For the game studio, see Visceral Games.

Human viscera

In anatomy, a viscus (pron.: /ˈvɪskəs/) is an internal organ, and viscera is the plural form.^[1]^[2] The viscera, when removed from a butchered animal, are known collectively as offal. Internal organs are also known as "guts" (which may also refer to the gastrointestinal tract), or more formally, "innards".

The adjective visceral, also splanchnic,^[3] is used for anything pertaining to the internal organs. Historically, viscera of animals were examined by Roman pagan priests like the haruspices or the augurs in order to divine the future by their shape, dimensions or other factors. This practice remains an important ritual in some remote, tribal societies.

The term "visceral" is contrasted with the term "parietal", meaning "of or relating to the wall of a body part, organ or cavity".^[4] The two terms are often used in describing a membrane or piece of connective tissue, referring to the opposing sides.

Human viscera

Abdomen

peritoneum
stomach
duodenum
intestine
colon
liver
spleen
pancreas
kidney
adrenal gland
appendix
gall bladder

Pelvis and perineum

pelvis
coccyx
ovaries
fallopian tube
uterus
vulva
clitoris
perineum
urinary bladder
testicles
rectum

Innervation

Autonomic nervous system, showing splanchnic nerves in middle, and the vagus nerve as "X" in blue. The heart and organs below in list to right are regarded as viscera.

The viscera are mainly innervated parasympathetically by the vagus nerve and sympathetically by the splanchnic nerves. The sensory part of the latter reaches the spinal column at certain spinal segments. Pain in any viscera is perceived as referred pain, more specifically pain from the dermatome corresponding to the spinal segment.^[5]

Viscus	Nerves ^[6]	Origin in spinal column^[6]
stomach	anterior and posterior vagal trunks greater splanchnic nerves	T6, T7, T8, T9 and, sometimes, T10
duodenum	vagus nerves greater splanchnic nerves	T5, T6, T7, T8, T9 and, sometimes, T10
pancreatic head	vagus nerves thoracic splanchnic nerves	T8, T9
jejunum and ileum	posterior vagal trunks greater splanchnic nerves	T5, T6, T7, T8, T9
colon	vagus nerves and pelvic splanchnic nerves (parasympathetic) greater splanchnic nerves (sympathetic)	T10, T11, T12 (proximal colon) L1, L2, L3, (distal colon)
spleen	greater splanchnic nerves (especially)	T6, T7, T8
vermiform appendix	nerves to superior mesenteric plexus	T10
gallbladder and liver	sympathetic nerves to celiac plexus vagus nerve right phrenic nerve	T6, T7, T8, T9
kidneys and ureters	vagus nerve thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves	T11, T12

References

^ "Viscus - Definition". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
^ "Viscera". MeSH. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
^ Splanchnic at eMedicine Dictionary
^ "parietal". Retrieved 9 September 2012.
^ Essential Clinical Anatomy. K.L. Moore & A.M. Agur. Lippincott, 2 ed. 2002. Page 199
^ ^a ^b Unless else specified in boxes, then ref is: Essential Clinical Anatomy. K.L. Moore & A.M. Agur. Lippincott, 2 ed. 2002. Page 199

UpToDate Contents

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1. 女性における骨盤臓器脱：疫学、危険因子、臨床症状、およびマネージメントの概要 pelvic organ prolapse in women an overview of the epidemiology risk factors clinical manifestations and management
2. 妊娠および出産に関連した尿失禁および骨盤臓器脱 urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse associated with pregnancy and childbirth
3. 骨盤外傷：初期評価およびマネージメント pelvic trauma initial evaluation and management
4. 女性における急性骨盤痛の評価 evaluation of acute pelvic pain in women
5. 女性における慢性骨盤痛の評価 evaluation of chronic pelvic pain in women

English Journal

Continence and micturition: An anatomical basis.

Shah AP1, Mevcha A, Wilby D, Alatsatianos A, Hardman JC, Jacques S, Wilton JC.
Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.).Clin Anat.2014 Nov;27(8):1275-83. doi: 10.1002/ca.22388. Epub 2014 Mar 10.
Urinary incontinence remains an important clinical problem worldwide, having a significant socio-economic, psychological, and medical burden. Maintaining urinary continence and coordinating micturition are complex processes relying on interaction between somatic and visceral elements, moderated by l
PMID 24615792

Lack of striated muscle fibers in the longitudinal anal muscle of elderly Japanese: a histological study using cadaveric specimens.

Kim JH1, Kinugasa Y, Yu HC, Murakami G, Abe S, Cho BH.
International journal of colorectal disease.Int J Colorectal Dis.2014 Oct 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PURPOSE AND METHODS: The aim of this study is to investigate variations in the longitudinal anal muscle (LAM), especially in the meeting pattern between the levator ani and rectum at the origin of the LAM. We examined the histology of the anal canal and the lower rectum of 50 cadavers (25 males, 25
PMID 25331031

Bilateral Obturator Pyomyositis with Visceral Involvement in an Immunocompetent Adult Patient Treated without Surgery.

Karakatsanis A1, Lykoudis P, Nastos C, Chronopoulos E, Koutoulidis V, Polymeneas G, Voros D.
Surgical infections.Surg Infect (Larchmt).2014 Oct;15(5):651-5. doi: 10.1089/sur.2012.147. Epub 2014 May 27.
Abstract Background: Primary pyomyositis is a rare bacterial infection that affects large muscle groups mainly in immunocompromised patients. Treatment options include antibiotic treatment with surgical or radiologic interventions.CASE: A 22-year-old immunocompetent athlete was diagnosed with bilate
PMID 24865387