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a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction (同)cell_nucleus, karyon
(astronomy) the center of the head of a comet; consists of small solid particles of ice and frozen gas that vaporizes on approaching the sun to form the coma and tail
any histologically identifiable mass of neural cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord
the positively charged dense center of an atom

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中心,核 / (生物の)細胞核 / 原子核

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/04/03 12:43:06」(JST)

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The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) (or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, PPTN or PPTg) is located in the brainstem, caudal to the substantia nigra and adjacent to the superior cerebellar peduncle. It has two divisions, one containing cholinergic neurons, the pars compacta, and one containing mostly glutamatergic neurons, the pars dissipata. The PPN is one of the main components of the reticular activating system.^[1]^[2] It was first described in 1909 by Louis Jacobsohn-Lask, a neuroanatomist born in Bydgoszcz.^[3]^[4]

Projections

PPN neurons project axons to a wide range of areas in the brain,^[5] particularly parts of the basal ganglia such as the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra pars compacta, and globus pallidus internus. It also sends them to targets in the thalamus, cerebellum, basal forebrain, and lower brainstem, and in the cerebral cortex, the supplementary motor area and somatosensory and motor cortices.^[1]^[2]^[6]

It receives inputs from many areas of the brain,^[7] including the basal gangla to which it projects with the exception of the substantia nigra pars compacta to which it projects but does not receive, while it receives but does not project to the substantia nigra pars reticulata.^[1]^[2]

Functions

The PPN is involved in many functions, including arousal, attention, learning, reward, and voluntary limb movements and locomotion.^[8]^[9] While once thought important to the initiation of movement, recent research suggests a role in providing sensory feedback to the cerebral cortex.^[8] It is also implicated in the generation and maintenance of REM sleep.^[10]

Recent research has discovered that the PPN is involved in the planning of movement, and that different networks of neurons in the PPN are switched on during real and imagined movement.^[9]

Parkinson disease

Research is being done on whether deep brain stimulation of the PPN might be used to improve the gait and postural difficulties found in Parkinson disease.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Garcia-Rill E. (1991). The pedunculopontine nucleus. Prog Neurobiol. 36(5):363-89. PMID 1887068
^ ^a ^b ^c Winn P. (2006). How best to consider the structure and function of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: evidence from animal studies. J Neurol Sci. 25;248(1-2):234-50. PMID 16765383
^ Jenkinson N, Nandi D (July 2009). "Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus". Mov Disord 4 (3): 319–328. doi:10.1002/mds.22189. PMID 19097193.
^ [https://archive.org/details/abhandlungenderk1909kn Über die Kerne des menschlichen Hirnstamms (Medulla oblongata, Pons und Pedunculus cerebri), Berlin, 1909. pag. 58, fig. 22
^ http://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2011.00022/full
^ Aravamuthan BR, Muthusamy KA, Stein JF, Aziz TZ, Johansen-Berg H. (2007). Topography of cortical and subcortical connections of the human pedunculopontine and subthalamic nuclei. Neuroimage. 37(3):694-705. PMID 17644361
^ http://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2011.00022/full
^ ^a ^b ^c Tsang EW, Hamani C, Moro E, Mazzella F, Poon YY, Lozano AM, Chen R. (2010). Involvement of the human pedunculopontine nucleus region in voluntary movements. Neurology. 14;75(11):950-9. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f25b35 PMID 20702790
^ ^a ^b Tattersall, T. L. et al. (2014) Imagined gait modulates neuronal network dynamics in the human pedunculopontine nucleus. Nature Neuroscience advance online publication, 2 February 2014. doi:10.1038/nn.3642
^ http://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2011.00022/full

External links

Stained brain slice images which include the "pedunculopontine%20nucleus" at the BrainMaps project

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. パーキンソン病の病因および発症機序 etiology and pathogenesis of parkinson disease
2. 閉じ込め症候群 locked in syndrome
3. 進行性核上性麻痺（PSP） progressive supranuclear palsy psp
4. 後方循環系の脳血管症候群 posterior circulation cerebrovascular syndromes
5. 症候性（二次性）ミオクローヌス symptomatic secondary myoclonus

English Journal

Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus engages the cerebellum for motor function in parkinsonian rats.

Sutton AC1, O'Connor KA1, Pilitsis JG1,2, Shin DS3.
Brain structure & function.Brain Struct Funct.2015 Nov;220(6):3595-609. doi: 10.1007/s00429-014-0876-8. Epub 2014 Aug 15.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is effective in managing motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease in well-selected individuals. Recently, research has shown that DBS in the basal ganglia (BG) can alter neural circuits beyond the traditional basal ganglia-thalamus-cortical (BG-TH-CX) loop. For instance, fu
PMID 25124274

Impact of anesthetic regimen on the respiratory pattern, EEG microstructure and sleep in the rat model of cholinergic Parkinson's disease neuropathology.

Lazic K1, Petrovic J1, Ciric J1, Kalauzi A2, Saponjic J3.
Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2015 Sep 24;304:1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.020. Epub 2015 Jul 14.
OBJECTIVES: We hypothesized that the impact of distinct anesthetic regimens could be differently expressed during anesthesia and on post-anesthesia sleep in the neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, we followed the impact of ketamine/diazepam and pentobarbital anesthesia in a rat model of the sever
PMID 26186897

The Modulatory Role of Dopamine in Anxiety-like Behavior.

Zarrindast MR1, Khakpai F2.
Archives of Iranian medicine.Arch Iran Med.2015 Sep;18(9):591-603. doi: 0151809/AIM.009.
Anxiety is an unpleasant physiological state in which an overreaction to a situation occurs. It has been suggested that different brain regions are involved in the modulation and expression of anxiety, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and frontal cortex. Dysfunction of neurotransmitters and thei
PMID 26317601

Japanese Journal

Lesions of cortical GABAergic interneurons and acetylcholine neurons in xeroderma pigmentosum group A

HAYASHI Masaharu,OHTO Tatsuyuki,SHIODA Kei,FUKATSU Ryo
Brain & development 34(4), 287-292, 2012-04-01
NAID 10031050444

Decrease in acetylcholinergic neurons in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in a patient with Prader-Willi syndrome

HAYASHI M
Neuropathology 31, 280-285, 2011
NAID 50008069911

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「上小脳脚周囲網様体」「橋脚被蓋核」
関連記事	「tegmental」「tegmenta」

「上小脳脚周囲網様体」

Pedunculopontine nucleus
Details
Latin	nucleus tegmentalis pedunculopontinus
Identifiers
MeSH	Pedunculopontine+Tegmental+Nucleus
NeuroNames	hier-495
NeuroLex ID	Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus
Dorlands; /Elsevier	n_11/12583626
TA	A14.1.06.336
FMA	72429
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

　　[★]

関: 脚橋被蓋核

PPT, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus 脚橋被蓋核 = 中脳の上小脳脚周囲網様体

「橋脚被蓋核」

　　[★]

英: pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus
関: 脚橋被蓋核

「tegmental」

　　[★]

被蓋の、表層の

関: cortical layer、tegmenta、tegmenti、tegmentum

「tegmenta」

　　[★]

表層

関: cortical layer、tegmental、tegmentum

[Garcia-Rill-1] Garcia-Rill E. (1991). The pedunculopontine nucleus. Prog Neurobiol. 36(5):363-89. PMID 1887068

[Winn-2] Winn P. (2006). How best to consider the structure and function of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: evidence from animal studies. J Neurol Sci. 25;248(1-2):234-50. PMID 16765383

[Jenkinson-3] Jenkinson N, Nandi D (July 2009). "Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus". Mov Disord 4 (3): 319–328. doi:10.1002/mds.22189. PMID 19097193.

[4] [https://archive.org/details/abhandlungenderk1909kn Über die Kerne des menschlichen Hirnstamms (Medulla oblongata, Pons und Pedunculus cerebri), Berlin, 1909. pag. 58, fig. 22

[5] ttp://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2011.00022/full

[Aravamuthan-6] Aravamuthan BR, Muthusamy KA, Stein JF, Aziz TZ, Johansen-Berg H. (2007). Topography of cortical and subcortical connections of the human pedunculopontine and subthalamic nuclei. Neuroimage. 37(3):694-705. PMID 17644361

[7] ttp://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2011.00022/full

[Tsang-8] Tsang EW, Hamani C, Moro E, Mazzella F, Poon YY, Lozano AM, Chen R. (2010). Involvement of the human pedunculopontine nucleus region in voluntary movements. Neurology. 14;75(11):950-9. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f25b35 PMID 20702790

[Tattersall-9] Tattersall, T. L. et al. (2014) Imagined gait modulates neuronal network dynamics in the human pedunculopontine nucleus. Nature Neuroscience advance online publication, 2 February 2014. doi:10.1038/nn.3642

[10] ttp://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2011.00022/full

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案内

pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus