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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/09 22:13:03」(JST)

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The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) (or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, PPTN or PPTg) is located in the brainstem, caudal to the substantia nigra and adjacent to the superior cerebellar peduncle. It has two divisions, one containing cholinergic neurons, the pars compacta, and one containing mostly glutamatergic neurons, the pars dissipata. The PPN is one of the main components of the reticular activating system.^[1]^[2] It was first described in 1909 by Louis Jacobsohn-Lask, a neuroanatomist born in Bydgoszcz.^[3]^[4]

Projections

PPN neurons project axons to a wide range of areas in the brain,^[5] particularly parts of the basal ganglia such as the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra pars compacta, and globus pallidus internus. It also sends them to targets in the thalamus, cerebellum, basal forebrain, and lower brainstem, and in the cerebral cortex, the supplementary motor area and somatosensory and motor cortices.^[1]^[2]^[6]

It receives inputs from many areas of the brain,^[7] including the basal ganglia to which it projects with the exception of the substantia nigra pars compacta to which it projects but does not receive, while it receives but does not project to the substantia nigra pars reticulata.^[1]^[2]

Functions

The PPN is involved in many functions, including arousal, attention, learning, reward, and voluntary limb movements and locomotion.^[8]^[9] While once thought important to the initiation of movement, recent research suggests a role in providing sensory feedback to the cerebral cortex.^[8] It is also implicated in the generation and maintenance of REM sleep.^[10]

Recent research has discovered that the PPN is involved in the planning of movement, and that different networks of neurons in the PPN are switched on during real and imagined movement.^[9]

Parkinson disease

Research is being done on whether deep brain stimulation of the PPN might be used to improve the gait and postural difficulties found in Parkinson disease.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Garcia-Rill E. (1991). The pedunculopontine nucleus. Prog Neurobiol. 36(5):363-89. PMID 1887068
^ ^a ^b ^c Winn P. (2006). How best to consider the structure and function of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: evidence from animal studies. J Neurol Sci. 25;248(1-2):234-50. PMID 16765383
^ Jenkinson N, Nandi D (July 2009). "Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus". Mov Disord 4 (3): 319–328. doi:10.1002/mds.22189. PMID 19097193.
^ [https://archive.org/details/abhandlungenderk1909kn Über die Kerne des menschlichen Hirnstamms (Medulla oblongata, Pons und Pedunculus cerebri), Berlin, 1909. pag. 58, fig. 22
^ http://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2011.00022/full
^ Aravamuthan BR, Muthusamy KA, Stein JF, Aziz TZ, Johansen-Berg H. (2007). Topography of cortical and subcortical connections of the human pedunculopontine and subthalamic nuclei. Neuroimage. 37(3):694-705. PMID 17644361
^ http://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2011.00022/full
^ ^a ^b ^c Tsang EW, Hamani C, Moro E, Mazzella F, Poon YY, Lozano AM, Chen R. (2010). Involvement of the human pedunculopontine nucleus region in voluntary movements. Neurology. 14;75(11):950-9. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f25b35 PMID 20702790
^ ^a ^b Tattersall, T. L. et al. (2014) Imagined gait modulates neuronal network dynamics in the human pedunculopontine nucleus. Nature Neuroscience advance online publication, 2 February 2014. doi:10.1038/nn.3642
^ http://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2011.00022/full

External links

Stained brain slice images which include the "pedunculopontine%20nucleus" at the BrainMaps project

UpToDate Contents

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1. 進行性核上性麻痺（PSP） progressive supranuclear palsy psp
2. パーキンソン病における症状の変動およびジスキネジア motor fluctuations and dyskinesia in parkinson disease
3. パーキンソン病の病因および発症機序 etiology and pathogenesis of parkinson disease

English Journal

The "proactive" model of learning: Integrative framework for model-free and model-based reinforcement learning utilizing the associative learning-based proactive brain concept.

Zsuga J1, Biro K1, Papp C1, Tajti G1, Gesztelyi R2.
Behavioral neuroscience.Behav Neurosci.2016 Feb;130(1):6-18. doi: 10.1037/bne0000116.
Reinforcement learning (RL) is a powerful concept underlying forms of associative learning governed by the use of a scalar reward signal, with learning taking place if expectations are violated. RL may be assessed using model-based and model-free approaches. Model-based reinforcement learning involv
PMID 26795580

Understanding the human pedunculopontine nucleus in Parkinson's disease.

Fytagoridis A1,2,3, Silburn PA1,2, Coyne TJ4,5, Thevathasan W6.
Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996).J Neural Transm (Vienna).2016 Jan 16. [Epub ahead of print]
This paper presents the Brisbane experience of pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD). Clinical outcomes along with studies of the mechanisms and neurophysiology of PPN in PD patients with severe freezing of gait (FoG) and postural imbalance (PI) are
PMID 26780720

Cholinergic excitation from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus to the dentate nucleus in the rat.

Vitale F1, Mattei C1, Capozzo A1, Pietrantoni I1, Mazzone P2, Scarnati E3.
Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2016 Jan 4;317:12-22. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.055. [Epub ahead of print]
In spite of the existence of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) projections to cerebellar nuclei, their nature and functional role is unknown. These fibers may play a crucial role in postural control and may be involved in the beneficial effects induced by deep-brain stimulation (DBS) of brai
PMID 26762800

Japanese Journal

Lesions of cortical GABAergic interneurons and acetylcholine neurons in xeroderma pigmentosum group A

Brain & development 34(4), 287-292, 2012-04-01
NAID 10031050444

小児期発症の神経伝達物質疾患 : 瀬川病を中心に

脳と発達 43(5), 352-358, 2011-09-01
NAID 10029562250

The extracellular-matrix-retaining cyanobacterium Nostoc verrucosum accumulates trehalose, but is sensitive to desiccation

FEMS Microbiology Ecology 77(2), 385-394, 2011-08
NAID 120003141605

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「橋脚」
拡張検索	「pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus」

「橋脚」

Pedunculopontine nucleus
Details
Latin	nucleus tegmentalis pedunculopontinus
Identifiers
MeSH	Pedunculopontine+Tegmental+Nucleus
NeuroNames	hier-495
NeuroLex ID	Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus
Dorlands; /Elsevier	n_11/12583626
TA	A14.1.06.336
FMA	72429
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [edit on Wikidata]

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英: pedunculopontine
関: 支台装置

「pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus」

　　[★]

橋脚被蓋核、脚橋被蓋核

[Garcia-Rill-1] Garcia-Rill E. (1991). The pedunculopontine nucleus. Prog Neurobiol. 36(5):363-89. PMID 1887068

[Winn-2] Winn P. (2006). How best to consider the structure and function of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: evidence from animal studies. J Neurol Sci. 25;248(1-2):234-50. PMID 16765383

[Jenkinson-3] Jenkinson N, Nandi D (July 2009). "Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus". Mov Disord 4 (3): 319–328. doi:10.1002/mds.22189. PMID 19097193.

[4] [https://archive.org/details/abhandlungenderk1909kn Über die Kerne des menschlichen Hirnstamms (Medulla oblongata, Pons und Pedunculus cerebri), Berlin, 1909. pag. 58, fig. 22

[5] ttp://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2011.00022/full

[Aravamuthan-6] Aravamuthan BR, Muthusamy KA, Stein JF, Aziz TZ, Johansen-Berg H. (2007). Topography of cortical and subcortical connections of the human pedunculopontine and subthalamic nuclei. Neuroimage. 37(3):694-705. PMID 17644361

[7] ttp://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2011.00022/full

[Tsang-8] Tsang EW, Hamani C, Moro E, Mazzella F, Poon YY, Lozano AM, Chen R. (2010). Involvement of the human pedunculopontine nucleus region in voluntary movements. Neurology. 14;75(11):950-9. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f25b35 PMID 20702790

[Tattersall-9] Tattersall, T. L. et al. (2014) Imagined gait modulates neuronal network dynamics in the human pedunculopontine nucleus. Nature Neuroscience advance online publication, 2 February 2014. doi:10.1038/nn.3642

[10] ttp://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2011.00022/full

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pedunculopontine