This article is about the disorder. For the 2008 film, see Parasomnia (film).
| Parasomnia |
| Classification and external resources |
| ICD-10 |
F51.3-F51.4 |
| ICD-9 |
307.47, 327.4, 780.59 |
| eMedicine |
med/3131 |
| MeSH |
D020447 |
Parasomnias are a category of sleep disorders that involve abnormal and unnatural movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreams that occur while falling asleep, sleeping, between sleep stages, or during arousal from sleep. Most parasomnias are dissociated sleep states which are partial arousals during the transitions between wakefulness and NREM sleep, or wakefulness and REM sleep.
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Contents
- 1 Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) parasomnias
- 1.1 Confusional arousals
- 1.2 Sleepwalking (somnambulism)
- 1.3 Sleep terrors (night terrors)
- 1.4 Teeth grinding (bruxism)
- 1.5 Restless legs syndrome & periodic limb movements
- 1.6 Sleep sex
- 1.7 Sleep related eating disorder (SRED)
- 2 REM parasomnias
- 2.1 REM sleep behavior disorder
- 2.2 Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis
- 2.3 Catathrenia
- 3 See also
- 4 References
- 5 Notes
- 6 Further reading
- 7 External links
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Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) parasomnias
NREM parasomnias are arousal disorders that occur during stage 3 (or 4 by the R&K standardization) of NREM sleep—also known as slow wave sleep (SWS). They are caused by a physiological activation in which the patient’s brain exits from SWS and is caught in between a sleeping and waking state. In particular, these disorders involve activation of the autonomic nervous system, motor system, or cognitive processes during sleep or sleep-wake transitions.[1]
Some NREM parasomnias (sleep-walking, night-terrors, and confusional arousal) are common during childhood but decrease in frequency with increasing age. They can be triggered in certain individuals by alcohol, sleep deprivation, physical activity, emotional stress, depression, medications, or a fevered illness. These disorders of arousal can range from confusional arousal's, somnambulism, to night terrors. Other specific disorders include sleepeating, sleep sex, teeth grinding, rhythmic movement disorder, restless legs syndrome,[citation needed] and somniloquy.
Confusional arousals
With a prevalence of 4%, confusional arousals are not observed very often in adults; however, they are common in children.[2] Infants and toddlers usually experience confusional arousals beginning with large amounts of movement and moaning, which can later progress to occasional thrashings or inconsolable crying. Confusional arousal is a condition when an individual awakens from sleep and remains in a confused state. It is characterized by the individual's partial awakening and sitting up to look around. They usually remain in bed and then return back to sleep. These episodes last anywhere from seconds to minutes and may not be reactive to stimuli.[3] Confusional arousals are not considered dangerous. Another sleeping disorder may be present triggering these incomplete arousals.[4]
Sleepwalking (somnambulism)
Main article: Sleepwalking
Sleepwalking has a prevalence of 1-17% in childhood, with the most frequent occurrences around the age of eleven to twelve. About 4% of adults experience somnambulism.[5] Normal sleep cycles include states varying from drowsiness all the way to deep sleep. Every time an individual sleeps, he or she goes through various sequences of non-REM and REM sleep. Anxiety and fatigue are usually connected with sleepwalking. For adults, alcohol, sedatives, medications, medical conditions and mental disorders are all associated with sleepwalking. Sleep walking may involve sitting up and looking awake when the individual is actually asleep, and getting up and walking around, moving items or undressing themselves. They will also be confused when waking up or opening their eyes during sleep. Some individuals also talk while in their sleep, saying meaningless words and even having arguments with people who are not there. [6]
Sleep terrors (night terrors)
Main article: Pavor nocturnus
Sleep terror is the most disruptive arousal disorder since it may involve loud screams and panic; in extreme cases, it may result in bodily harm or property damage by running about or hitting walls. Unfortunately, all attempts to console the individual are futile and may prolong or intensify the victim’s confused state. Usually the victim experiences amnesia after the event but it may not be complete amnesia. Up to 3% of adults suffer from sleep terrors, and exhibited behavior of this parasomnia can range from mild to extremely violent.[7] They typically occur in stage 3 sleep.[8]
Teeth grinding (bruxism)
Main article: Bruxism
Bruxism is a common sleep disorder where the individual grinds their teeth during sleep. This can cause sleep disruption for the individual and also the bed partner. Grinding can wear and fracture the teeth, and also cause severe jaw pain. This can lead to migraines, teeth impairment, and other complications. A lot of people are not aware of their teeth grinding. Teeth grinding may be caused by stress and anxiety; it could also be caused by a non typical bite, or missing teeth.
Restless legs syndrome & periodic limb movements
Main article: Restless legs syndrome
Both of these conditions (RLS and PLM) are classified as dyssomnias according to the DSM-IV. They are considered parasomnias[by whom?].
Sleep sex
Main article: Sleep sex
Sleep sex, or sexsomnia, is a condition in which a person will engage in sexual acts while still asleep. A condition usually occupied by another sleep disorder it can include such acts as masturbation, fondling themselves or others, having sex with another person and in more extreme cases sexual assault and rape.
Sleep related eating disorder (SRED)
Main article: Nocturnal_sleep related eating disorder
Sleep Related Eating Disorder is a condition in which individuals eat during sleep. They usually head for the kitchen and indulge in uncooked food, snacks and sometimes even toxic substances. This can be very dangerous and even deadly, especially if the individual has food allergies, or even is diabetic. This disorder usually starts with individuals who sleep walk and develop into SRED.
REM parasomnias
REM sleep behavior disorder
REM sleep behavior disorder is the most common REM sleep parasomnia in which muscle atonia is absent. This allows the individual to act out their dreams and may result in repeated injury—bruises, lacerations, and fractures—to themselves or others. Patients may take self-protection measures by tethering themselves to bed, using pillow barricades, or sleeping in an empty room on a mattress.[9] Demographically, 90% of RBD patients are males, and most are older than 50 years of age.[10]
Typical clinical features of REM sleep behavior disorder are:
- Male gender predilection
- Mean age of onset 50–65 years (range 20–80 years)
- Vocalisation, screaming, swearing that may be associated with dreams
- Motor activity, simple or complex, that may result in injury to patient or bed-partner
- Occurrence usually in latter half of sleep period (REM sleep)
- May be associated with neurodegenerative disease [11]
Acute RBD, occurs mostly as a result of a side-effect in prescribed medication—usually antidepressants. But if not then 55% of the time the cause is unknown the other 45% the cause is associated with alcohol.[12]
Chronic RBD is idiopathic, meaning of unknown origin, or associated with neurological disorders. There is a growing association of chronic RBD with neurodegenerative disorders—Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy (MSA), or dementia—as an early indicator of these conditions by as much as 10 years.
Patients with narcolepsy also are more likely to develop RBD.
Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis
Recurrent Isolated Sleep Paralysis is an inability to perform voluntary movements at sleep onset, or upon waking from sleep.[13]
Catathrenia
Catathrenia, a rapid-eye-movement sleep parasomnia consisting of breath holding and expiratory groaning during sleep, is distinct from both somniloquy and obstructive sleep apnea. The sound is produced during exhalation as opposed to snoring which occurs during inhalation. It is usually not noticed by the person producing the sound but can be extremely disturbing to sleep partners, although once aware of it, sufferers tend to be woken up by their own groaning as well. Bed partners generally report hearing the person take a deep breath, hold it, then slowly exhale; often with a high-pitched squeak or groaning sound.
See also
- Dyssomnia
- Insomnia
- Jactatio capitis nocturna
- Sleep medicine
- Sleep paralysis
References
- Mahowald & Schenck. Insights from studying human sleep disorders. Nature (2005); 437(7063):1279-85.
- Bassetti et al., Lancet (2000); 356: 484–485
- Boeve et al. Journal of Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2004; 17:146-157
- Aurora RN et al. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 2010; 6(1):85-95.
- Aurora RN et al. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 2010; 6(4):398-401.
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001811/
Notes
- ^ Bassetti et al., Lancet (2000); 356: 484–485
- ^ Mahowald & Schenck: 1283.
- ^ Brandon Peters. 2011.
- ^ Durmer & Chervin. 2007.
- ^ Mahowald & Schenck. 1283.
- ^ ADAMinc.2012.
- ^ Mahowald & Schenck: 1283.
- ^ Katugampola, M. (2005) Health & Human Development, Pearson Education.
- ^ Mahowald & Schenck:1284.
- ^ Mahowald & Schenck :1284.
- ^ Boeve et al.
- ^ http://www.emedicinehealth.com/rem_sleep_behavior_disorder/page2_em.htm#REM Sleep Disorder Causes
- ^ http://infosleep.ca/parasomnias/parasomnias_sleepparalysis.html
Further reading
- Siegel, Ronald (1992). Fire in the Brain: Clinical Tales of Hallucination.
- Warren, Jeff (2007). The Head Trip: Adventures on the Wheel of Consciousness. ISBN 978-0-679-31408-0.
External links
- Stanford: Parasomnias - Arousal Disorders Information
- Primary Sleep Disorders: Parasomnias
- Psychnet UK
- Insomnia/Parasomnia
- [1]
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Mental and behavioral disorders (F 290–319)
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Neurological/symptomatic
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Dementia
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- Mild cognitive impairment
- Alzheimer's disease
- Multi-infarct dementia
- Pick's disease
- Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
- Huntington's disease
- Parkinson's disease
- AIDS dementia complex
- Frontotemporal dementia
- Sundowning
- Wandering
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Autism spectrum
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- Autism
- Asperger syndrome
- Savant syndrome
- PDD-NOS
- High-functioning autism
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Other
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- Delirium
- Post-concussion syndrome
- Organic brain syndrome
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Psychoactive substances, substance abuse, drug abuse and substance-related disorders
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- Intoxication/Drug overdose
- Physical dependence
- Substance dependence
- Rebound effect
- Double rebound
- Withdrawal
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Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional
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| Psychosis |
- Schizoaffective disorder
- Schizophreniform disorder
- Brief reactive psychosis
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| Schizophrenia |
- Disorganized schizophrenia
- Delusional disorder
- Folie à deux
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Mood (affective)
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- Mania
- Bipolar disorder
- (Bipolar I
- Bipolar II
- Cyclothymia
- Bipolar NOS)
- Depression
- (Major depressive disorder
- Dysthymia
- Seasonal affective disorder
- Atypical depression
- Melancholic depression)
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Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform
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Anxiety disorder
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Phobia
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- Agoraphobia
- Social anxiety
- Social phobia
- (Anthropophobia)
- Specific phobia
- (Claustrophobia)
- Specific social phobia
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Other
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- Panic disorder
- Panic attack
- Generalized anxiety disorder
- OCD
- stress
- (Acute stress reaction
- PTSD)
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Adjustment disorder
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- Adjustment disorder with depressed mood
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Somatoform disorder
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- Somatization disorder
- Body dysmorphic disorder
- Hypochondriasis
- Nosophobia
- Da Costa's syndrome
- Psychalgia
- Conversion disorder
- (Ganser syndrome
- Globus pharyngis)
- Neurasthenia
- Mass Psychogenic Illness
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Dissociative disorder
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- Dissociative identity disorder
- Psychogenic amnesia
- Fugue state
- Depersonalization disorder
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Physiological/physical behavioral
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Eating disorder
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- Anorexia nervosa
- Bulimia nervosa
- Rumination syndrome
- NOS
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Nonorganic
sleep disorders
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- (Nonorganic hypersomnia
- Nonorganic insomnia)
- Parasomnia
- (REM behavior disorder
- Night terror
- Nightmare)
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Sexual
dysfunction
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- sexual desire
- (Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
- Hypersexuality)
- sexual arousal
- (Female sexual arousal disorder)
- Erectile dysfunction
- orgasm
- (Anorgasmia
- Delayed ejaculation
- Premature ejaculation
- Sexual anhedonia)
- pain
- (Vaginismus
- Dyspareunia)
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Postnatal
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- Postpartum depression
- Postnatal psychosis
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Adult personality and behavior
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Sexual and
gender identity
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- Sexual maturation disorder
- Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
- Sexual relationship disorder
- Paraphilia
- (Voyeurism
- Fetishism)
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Other
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- Personality disorder
- Impulse control disorder
- (Kleptomania
- Trichotillomania
- Pyromania
- Dermatillomania)
- Body-focused repetitive behavior
- Factitious disorder
- (Münchausen syndrome)
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Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood
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Mental retardation
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- X-Linked mental retardation
- (Lujan-Fryns syndrome)
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Psychological development
(developmental disorder)
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Emotional and behavioral
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- ADHD
- Conduct disorder
- (ODD)
- emotional disorder
- (Separation anxiety disorder)
- social functioning
- (Selective mutism
- RAD
- DAD)
- Tic disorder
- (Tourette syndrome)
- Speech
- (Stuttering
- Cluttering)
- Movement disorder
- (Stereotypic)
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Symptoms and uncategorized
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- Catatonia
- False pregnancy
- Intermittent explosive disorder
- Psychomotor agitation
- Sexual addiction
- Stereotypy
- Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
- Klüver-Bucy syndrome
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dsrd (o, p, m, p, a, d, s), sysi/epon, spvo
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proc(eval/thrp), drug(N5A/5B/5C/6A/6B/6D)
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Psychophysiology: Sleep and sleep disorders (F51 and G47, 307.4 and 327)
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| Sleep stages |
Rapid eye movement sleep · Non-rapid eye movement sleep · Slow-wave sleep
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| Brain waves |
Alpha wave · Beta wave · Gamma wave · Delta wave · Theta rhythm · K-complex · Sleep spindle · Sensorimotor rhythm · Mu rhythm
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Sleep
disorders |
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Dyssomnia
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Insomnia · Narcolepsy · Sleep apnea (Obesity hypoventilation syndrome, Ondine's curse) · Hypersomnia · Kleine-Levin syndrome · Sleep state misperception
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Circadian rhythm
sleep disorder
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Advanced sleep phase disorder · Delayed sleep phase disorder · Irregular sleep–wake rhythm · Jet lag · Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder · Shift work sleep disorder
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Parasomnia
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Catathrenia · Night terror · Rapid eye movement behavior disorder · Sleepwalking · Somniloquy
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Other/ungrouped
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Night eating syndrome · Nocturia · Nocturnal myoclonus
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Benign
phenomena |
Dream · Exploding head syndrome · False awakening · Hypnagogia/Sleep onset · Hypnic jerk · Lucid dream · Nightmare · Nocturnal emission · Nocturnal penile tumescence · Sleep paralysis · Somnolence
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Related
topics |
Somnology · Bed (Bunk bed, Four poster bed, Futon, Daybed, Hammock, Mattress, Sleeping bag) · Bed bug · Bedding · Bedroom · Bedtime · Bedtime toy · Bedtime story · Caffeine nap · Chronotype · Dream journal · Hypnopompic state · Lullaby · Sleep induction · Microsleep · Nap · Nightwear · Polyphasic sleep · Polysomnography · Power nap · Second wind · Siesta · Sleep and creativity · Sleep and learning · Sleep debt · Sleep deprivation · Sleep diary · Sleep hygiene · Sleep inertia · Sleep medicine · Sleeping while on duty · Sleepover · Snoring · Excessive daytime sleepiness · ("Sleeping sickness", which is not a sleep disorder.)
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dsrd (o, p, m, p, a, d, s), sysi/epon, spvo
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proc(eval/thrp), drug(N5A/5B/5C/6A/6B/6D)
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anat(n/s/m/p/4/e/b/d/c/a/f/l/g)/phys/devp
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noco(m/d/e/h/v/s)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
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proc, drug(N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)
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